An Easy Introduction to Spanish Conversation / Containing all that is necessary to make a rapid progress in it
Date: 2019-04-09T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Spanish language -- Study and teaching; Spanish language -- Programmed instruction

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Title: An Easy Introduction to Spanish Conversation

Author: Mariano Velázquez de la Cadena

Release date: April 9, 2019 [eBook #59238]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Barbara Tozier, Paul Marshall, Bill Tozier and
the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO SPANISH CONVERSATION ***

AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO
SPANISH CONVERSATION

CONTAINING

ALL THAT IS NECESSARY TO MAKE A
RAPID PROGRESS IN IT.

PARTICULARLY DESIGNED

FOR PERSONS WHO HAVE LITTLE TIME TO STUDY,

OR ARE THEIR OWN INSTRUCTORS.

By M. VELAZQUEZ DE LA CADENA,

PROFESSOR OF THE SPANISH; EDITOR OF OLLENDORFF’S SPANISH
GRAMMAR, NEW SPANISH READER, ETC. ETC.

NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,

549 & 551 BROADWAY.
1872.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849,
By D. APPLETON & COMPANY,
In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Southern District
of New York.

PREFACE.

Multum in parvo is the object of this small book; in which the student will find all the elements necessary to enable him in a very short time to enter into a conversation on the most usual topics.

For this purpose, and in order that he may understand the questions put, or the answers given to him, should they be expressed in words different in tense or number from those contained in the dialogues, and also to afford him the best means to vary them himself, it has been deemed expedient to prefix to the vocabularies a synopsis of the Spanish language. The learner is earnestly desired to study it attentively, so as to become perfectly familiar with the conjugation of the verbs; a thorough knowledge of which will render his progress easy, sure, and speedy.

Persons unaccustomed to commit tasks to memory, will do well to begin by learning daily a set number (say five) of nouns, adjectives, or verbs, and as many phrases as they can remember well; repeating always the English before the Spanish. Such exercise being steadily pursued for a month, the student will have acquired an aggregate of more than five hundred of the words most frequently used in common intercourse. This plan has been often tried, and its results have constantly exceeded the most sanguine expectations.

Should the student wish to acquire a thorough knowledge of the Spanish, even without the assistance of a teacher, he may do so by studying Ollendorff’s New Method, by M. Velazquez and T. Simonné, published by D. Appleton & Co., No. 443 Broadway.

This work will also be found very useful for the younger classes of learners, as an introduction to Ollendorff, or any other Spanish grammar, as it contains in a few pages, and exhibits in the plainest manner, the elements necessary to enable them to make a very easy and rapid progress in the study of this language.

New York, June 1st, 1849.

CONTENTS.

PART I.
A SYNOPSIS, ETC.
| PAGE
| The Letters | 7
| Accent | 10
| Noun—Number | ib.
| Gender | ib.
| Case | 11
| Augmentative and Diminutive Nouns | ib.
| Adjectives | 12
| Comparative | ib.
| Superlative | 13
| Pronouns | 14
| Verbs | 16
| Conjugation—Simple Tenses | 17
| “   Compound Tenses | 23
| Auxiliary Verbs | 25
| Idiomatical Tenses | 27
| Place of the Pronouns | 28
| Verbs affirmatively and negatively conjugated | ib.
| Passive Verbs | ib.
| Pronominal Verbs | 29
| Gerund | 30
| Verbs that alter their radical letters | 31
| Remarks on the Subjunctive | ib.
| Participle | 32
| Verbs that have two Participles | ib.
| Adverbs | 33
| Prepositions | 34
| Conjunctions | 35
| Interjections | 36
| Abbreviations | ib.

PART II.

A VOCABULARY, ETC.
| The Numbers | 37
| Moneda corriente | 39
| Of Heaven and the Elements | 40
| The Weather and Seasons | ib.
| Days of the Week and Months | 41
| Holy Days | ib.
| Ecclesiastical Dignities | ib.
| Eatables | 42
| Covering of the Table | ib.
| For Fast Days—Fish | 44
| For the Dessert | ib.
| Conditions of Man and Woman | 46
| Clothes and Articles for Dressing | ib.
| Articles for Riding | 47
| Clothes for Ladies | ib.
| Parts of the Human Body | 48
| The Five Senses—Ages | 49
| Qualities of the Body | ib.
| Defects of the Body | 50
| Studying | ib.
| Musical Instruments | ib.
| Parts and Furniture of a House | 51
| What is found about the Chimney, in the Kitchen, |
| and in the Cellar | 52
| The Servants of a House | 53
| What is found in and about the Door, |
| and in the Stable | 54
| The Garden—Flowers, Trees, &c. | 54
| Temporal Dignities | 55
| Officers of War—The Army | 56
| Fortifications | ib.
| Professions and Trades | 57
| Defects and Imperfections | 58
| Good Qualities—Diseases | ib.
| Bird and Quadrupeds | 59
| The Country—The City | 60
| Colors—Metals | 61
| Commercial Terms | ib.
| Collection of Verbs | 63

PART III.

DIALOGUES.
I. | Saluting, &c. | 69
II. | To pay a Visit | 70
III. | To dress one’s self | 71
IV. | The Tailor | 72
V. | To breakfast | 73
VI. | To speak Spanish | 74
VII. | Of the Weather | 75
VIII. | To write | 76
IX. | To buy | 78
X. | To inquire after News | 79
XI. | To inquire after any one | 82
XII. | For a journey | 83
XIII. | Supper and Lodgings | 85
XIV. | To reckon with the Landlord | 86
XV. | On a Voyage by Sea | 87
XVI. | On board of a Vessel | 89
XVII. | On a Journey in a Litter, or on Mules | 90
XVIII. | At the Dinner Table | 92

PART IV.

COMMERCIAL LETTERS, ETC.
| First Letter | 95
| Second Letter | 96
| An Invoice | 97
| Third and Fourth Letters | 98
| Letter of Recommendation | 99
| A Draft | ib.
| Endorsement | 100
| Notes | ib.

EASY INTRODUCTION

TO

SPANISH CONVERSATION.

PART I.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE CASTILIAN LANGUAGE.

THE LETTERS.

The vowels are, a, e, i, o, u, y.

Pronounce them, ah, ay, ee, oh, oo, ee. They have invariably the same sound, and must be fully and distinctly pronounced.

The vowels are never silent, except u, in the syllables gue, gui, que, qui. When the u is to be sounded in them, it is marked with a diæresis (¨) over it; thus, argüir, ar-goo-ir.

The syllables in which the consonants are pronounced differently from the English, are the following. The letters in italics under them express their respective sounds.

C.
Ca, | co, | cu, | cua, | cuo.
Kah, | koh, | koo, | kwah, | kwo.
| | ce, | ci. |
Th lisped, | thay, | thee. |

CH.
Pronounce it invariably as in the English words chap, chess, cheese.

G.
Ga, | go, | gu, | gue, | gui.
Gah, | goh, | goo, | gay, | gee.

J.

J before all the vowels, and g before e or i, have the sound of the English h, more harshly aspirated.

Ja, | je, | ji, | jo, | ju.
Hah, | hay, | hee, | hoe, | who.
| Ge, | gi. | |
| Hay, | hee. | |

LL.

LL is not a double consonant in Spanish, consequently it must not be divided in spelling. It sounds like ll in English in million; but it must be pronounced more quickly and stronger. In some parts of the Mexican states it is sounded somewhat like the Spanish y consonant, with which they confound it in writing; and in manuscript we frequently see cabayo instead of caballo.

Lla, | lle, | lli, | llo, | llu.
Lyah, | lye-ay, | lyee, | lyoh, | lyoo.

N.

N has a strong nasal sound, like n in poniard. The gn in French gives its sound.

Na, | ñe, | ñi, | ño, | ñu.
Nyah, | nye-ay, | nyee, | nyoh, | nyoo.

Q.

The syllables qua, qüe, qüi, quo, are at present written with c, which see above.

Que, | qui.
Kay, | kee.

V.

V must be pronounced as in English. Its sound is so slender in Spanish, that most generally it is confounded with the b: but such pronunciation must not be imitated. It is frequently used in manuscript instead of the capital U; thus,

Vnion y Libertad, instead of Union y Libertad.

X.

X, in conformity with the new orthography, is to represent solely the sound of cs; but the greater part of the people pronounce and write only the s; thus, estranjero, instead of extranjero, (ex-tran-her´-oh.)

Y.

Y is a vowel when it is followed by a consonant, or terminates a word, and then it sounds like ee. It is a consonant when it is before a vowel, and then it sounds somewhat like English j. In some parts of America it is generally pronounced as ee; thus, suyo, soo´-ee-o.

N. B.—Of late years, some persons write i instead of y in ai, y, convoi, &c., but the Academy retains the y. In manuscript, Y is to be used instead of I, whenever this letter must be a capital.

Z.

Z, before all the vowels, is pronounced like th lisped in the English words thank, theft, thin, path, truth.

Za, | ze, | zi, | zo, | zu.
Thah, | thay, | thee, | thoh, | thoo.

Az,

ez,

iz,

oz,

uz.

Ath, | eth, | eeth, | oth, | ooth.

In Spanish America z is generally pronounced s, and also frequently written instead of that letter.

DIVISION OF SYLLABLES.

Gra-cio-so, cons-truc-cion, abs-te-ner-se, ha-bla-do-res, ca-ro, car-ro, des-en-re-dar, ca-ba-llo, con-flic-to, pers-pi-caz, flu-xion.

ACCENT.

This mark (´) is set over a vowel to point out that a particular stress of the voice must be laid on it. When the word has no mark on any of its letters, the penultimate, or last syllable but one, must be pronounced with particular emphasis.

Amo, este, ira, oso,   Amó, esté, irá, osó.

Nouns ending in a consonant (plurals excepted) have the last syllable long, and consequently do not require the mark: otherwise, they have it on the syllable on which the stress of the voice lies; as,

Caridad, animal, capitan, favor, interes.  | Césped, fácil, órden, carácter, ménos.

ARTICLES.

| Singular. | | Plural.
The | { masculine | El | | Los
{ feminine | La | | Las

A or an

{ masculine

Un

SOME

unos

{ feminine | Una | “ | unas

NOUN

Nouns are substantive or adjective, and have number, gender, and case.

NUMBER

Singular and Plural.—Nouns terminating in a short, or unaccented vowel, add an s for the plural; as, boy, muchacho; boys, muchachos. Nouns ending in an accented vowel, or in a consonant, or in y, add es to the singular; as, ruby, rubí; rubies, rubíes; lion, leon; lions, leones; ox, buey; oxen, bueyes. Nouns terminating in z, change it into c to form the plural; as, cross, cruz; crosses, cruces.

GENDER

Every he, or male animal, is of the masculine gender; as, man, hombre; every she, or female, is of the feminine gender; as, woman, mujer. Nouns of inanimate objects or things ending in a, ad, bre, ion, are for the most part feminine; and those terminating in e, i, o, u, on, are masculine. The exceptions, however, are very numerous.

Common nouns ending in o, change it into a to form the feminine; as, son, hijo; daughter, hija. There are some that express their gender by a different word or termination; as, father, padre; mother, madre; bull, toro; cow, vaca; poet, poeta; poetess, poetisa. (See Ollendorff, p. 246.)

Common nouns terminating in an, on, or, add an a to form the feminine; as lion, leon; lioness, leona; shepherd, pastor; shepherdess, pastora.

CASE.

There are two cases, the Nominative and the Objective. The Nominative case expresses the subject of the verb; as, The man gives, El hombre da. The Objective case is either direct or indirect. It is direct when it is the immediate object of the action of the verb; as, The man gives alms, El hombre da limosna. It is indirect (called also complement) when it is the term, or end of the action expressed by the verb; as, The man gives alms to the poor, El hombre da limosna á los pobres. When the object direct of an active verb is the noun of a rational being, or a proper noun, or thing personified, it must be preceded by the preposition á; as, The brother loves his sister, El hermano ama á su hermana. The brother loves his money, El hermano ama su dinero.

AUGMENTATIVE AND DIMINUTIVE NOUNS.

Augmentative nouns are those that increase the extent of their signification by adding on, ote, or azo, to the masculine nouns, and ona, ota, or aza, to the feminine, suppressing their last letter, should it be a, e, or o; as, a boy, un muchacho; a big boy, un muchachon; a girl, una muchacha; a big girl, una muchachona. The termination azo frequently signifies the blow, or injury caused by the object to which it is added; as, whip, látigo; a very large whip, un latigazo; a stroke with a whip, un latigazo.

Diminutive nouns are formed by adding ito, illo, ico, or uelo for the masculine, and ita, illa, ica, or uela for the feminine, to the noun, which suppresses its last letter if it be a or e; as, a boy, un muchacho; a little boy, un muchachito, un muchachillo, un muchachuelo; a girl, una muchacha; a little girl, una muchachita, una muchachilla, una muchachuela.

N. B.—The terminations, ito, ita, &c., added to christian names, or those that express relationship, indicate love, affection, and regard towards the object; thus, hermanita, dear sister; Juanito, esteemed John, &c.

ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives ending in o are masculine, and change it into a to form the feminine; as, fine, fino, fina. Those ending in any other letter are common to both genders; as, prudent, prudente; useful, útil.

Except adjectives expressing the natives of a country, or things belonging to it; and also most of those terminating in an or on, which add an a for the feminine; as, Spaniard, or Spanish, español, española; idle, haragan, haragana; clamorous, griton, gritona.

Adjectives form their plural according to the rules set forth for the nouns; as, white, blanco, blancos, blanca, blancas; deep blue, turquí, turquíes; natural, natural, naturales; happy, feliz, felices, or felizes.

Uno, one; alguno, some; ninguno, none; primero, first; bueno, good; malo, bad; suppress the o when they are immediately followed by a substantive masculine in the singular, whether it be alone, or preceded by an adjective; as, no heart, ningun corazon; ningun humano corazon.

Ciento, hundred, loses the last syllable before a substantive masculine or feminine; the same does Santo before a noun masculine in the singular. Grande, great, generally loses it also when it refers to qualities; as, El Gran Capitan.

COMPARATIVE.

More, (or the termination er,) mas——than, que.
He is richer, or more rich than she. | El es mas rico que ella.

Less, ménos——than, que.

She is less rich than he. | Ella es ménos rica que él.

As, (or so,) tan——as, como.

He is as rich as she. | El es tan rico como ella.

As much, (so much,) tanto or tanta——as, como.

She has as much money as he. | Ella tiene tanto dinero como él.
She has as much beauty as modesty. | Ella tiene tanta hermosura como modestia.

As many, (so many,) tantos or tantas——as, como.

He has as many books as his brother. | El tiene tantos libros como su hermano.
As many houses. | Tantas casas.

The more, cuanto mas——the more, tanto mas.

The more he studies, the more he learns. | Cuanto mas estudia, tanto mas aprende.

The less, cuanto ménos——the less, tanto ménos.

The less he works, the less he earns. | Cuanto ménos trabaja, tanto ménos gana.

Greater, mayor; less, menor; better, mejor; worse, peor, superior, superior, &c.

SUPERLATIVE.

It is formed, first, by literally translating the adverb very, muy; as, very high, muy alto. Secondly, by adding the termination ísimo, or ísima, to the adjective, which suppresses the last letter if it be an o, or e: very fine, finísimo; very sweet, dulcisimo; very useful, utilísimo. Adjectives in ble change it into bilísimo; those in co, into quísimo; and those in go, into guísimo; as, amabilísimo, riquísimo, prodiguísimo. Thirdly, by prefixing el, los, la, las mas, or ménos to the adjective; as, The most industrious, El mas industrioso; the most humane, el, or los mas humanos; la, or las mas humanas.

Best, óptimo, worst, pésimo; greatest, máximo; least, mínimo; lowest, ínfimo; supreme, supremo.

PRONOUNS.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

Nom. | I, yo. | Nom. | We, nosotros, nosotras.
Obj. Dir. | Me, me. | Obj. Dir. | Us, nos, nos.
Obj. Ind. | Me, mí. | Obj. Ind. | Us, nosotros, nosotras.
“ | With me, conmigo. | “ | With us, con nosotros,
| | “ | “  con nosotras.

Nom. | Thou, tú. | Nom. | You, vosotros, vosotras.
Obj. Dir. | Thee, te. | Obj. Dir. | You, os, os.
Obj. Ind. | Thee, tí. | Obj. Ind. | You, vosotros, vosotras.
“ | With thee, contigo. | “ | With you, con vosotros.
| | “ | “  con vosotras.

You, in familiar polite style, is translated usted for both genders, and the verb agrees with it in the singular or the plural, according to the sense. Usted and its plural are always written in abbreviation, thus: V. or Vm. for the first, and VV. or Vms. for the latter.

Nom. | You, usted, (V. or Vm.) | Nom. | You, ustedes, (VV. or Vms.)
Obj. Dir. | You, á usted, le, la, se. | Obj. Dir. | You, á VV. los, las, se.
Obj. Ind. | You, á V. le, se: | Obj. Ind. | You, á VV. les, se:
| á él, ella, sí. | | á ellos, ellas, sí.
“ | With you, con usted. | “ | With you, con ustedes.
“ | With yourself, consigo. | “ | “  consigo.

Nom. | He or it, él. | Nom. | They, ellos.
Obj. Dir. | Him or it, le, se; él, sí. | Obj. Dir. | Them, los, se; ellos, sí.
Obj. Ind. | Him or it, le, se; él, sí. | Obj. Ind. | Them, les, se; ellos, sí.
“ | With him or it, con él. | “ | With them, con ellos.
“ | With himself or itself, consigo. | “ | With themselves, consigo.

Nom. | She or it, ella. | Nom. | They, ellas.
Obj. Dir. | Her or it, la, se; ella, sí. | Obj. Dir. | Them, las, se; ellas, sí.
Obj. Ind. | Her or it, le, se; ella, sí. | Obj. Ind. | Them, les, se; ellas, sí.
“ | With her or it, con ella. | “ | With them, con ellas.
“ | With herself or itself, consigo. | “ | With themselves, consigo.

Mí, tí, sí, are always preceded by prepositions.

Me, te, se, le, los, la, las, les, are governed by verbs, and never placed after prepositions. When the verbs are in the indicative, or in the subjunctive mood, they are placed before the verb; as, He esteems her, él la estima. Should the verb be in the infinitive, or in the imperative mood, the pronouns must be placed after it, and joined to it so as to appear one word; thus, Give it to him, (give, da, it, le, to him, se,) dásele.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS CONJUNCTIVE.

My, mi, mis. | His, su, sus. | Its, su, sus.
Thy, tu, tus. | Her, su, sus. | Their, su, sus.
Your, with reference to Usted, or Ustedes, su, sus.

These pronouns agree in number with the noun that follows them; as, He sold his horses, él vendió sus caballos; they fulfilled their promise, ellos cumplieron, su promesa.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ABSOLUTE.

Mine, mio, mios. | His, suyo, suyos. | Its, suyo, suyos.
mia, mias. | suya, suyas. | suya, suyas.
Thine, tuyo, tuyos. | Hers, suyo, suyos. | Theirs, suyo, suyos.
tuya, tuyas. | suya, suyas. | suya, suyas.
Our, nuestro, nuestros. | Your, vuestro, vuestros. | Your, de Usted.
nuestra, nuestras. | vuestra, vuestras. | de Ustedes.
Your, with reference to Usted, is translated also suyo, suyos, suya, suyas.

RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

Who, which, que, quien, quienes.  What, that, que.

Which, what, cual, cuales; also, el cual, los cuales, la cual, las cuales.

Whose, cuyo, cuyos, cuya, cuyas; also, de quien, de cual, &c.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

This, | este. | These, | estos. | That, | aquel. | Those, | aquellos.
“ | esta. | “ | estas. | “ | aquella. | “ | aquellas.
That, | ese. | Those, | esos. | This, | esto. | That, | aquello.
“ | esa. | “ | esas. | That, | eso. | It, | ello, lo.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

One, | uno. | Such, | tal.
Each, | cada. | Something, | algo.
Nobody, | { nadie. | Nothing, | nada.
{ ninguno. | Each one, | cada cual.
Somebody, | alguien. | Each other, | uno y otro.
Anybody, | } | One another, | uno á otro.
Any, some, | } alguno. | Every one, | cada uno.
Some one, | } | Every one, | }
Somebody, | } | Everybody, | } todo, todos.
Whichever, | cualquiera. | Every thing, | }
Whomsoever, | quienquiera. | All, every, | }
| { ámbos. | |
Both, | { entrámbos. | |
| { ámbos á dos. | |

VERBS.

CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods, tenses, persons, and numbers.

All the verbs in the Spanish language are formed out of the present of the infinitive mood, which invariably terminates in ar, er, or ir, which syllables are called its termination; and the letters that remain of the said present of the infinitive, after separating one of the said terminations, whatever they may be, are said to be its root, and the letters of such root are called its radical letters; as, to esteem, estim-ar; to offend, ofend-er; to permit, permit-ir: in which verbs ar, er, ir are the terminations; and estim, ofend, permit, the radical letters of each respectively, to which the other combinations must be added to form the various persons and tenses of a verb.

All the Spanish verbs are, therefore, classed into three conjugations. Verbs ending in ar belong to the first; those in er to the second; and those in ir to the third.

Obs. 1. It is not necessary to express the pronouns subject or nominative, in the colloquial style, (usted and ustedes excepted;) but they must be used whenever elegance or clearness requires it.

Obs. 2. The numbers before the terminations point out the different persons. N. 2, before usted and ustedes, denotes that they are of the second person, but that the verb agrees with them in the third, (by Enallage.)

TERMINATIONS OF ALL THE REGULAR VERBS.

Obs. 3. The grave accent (`) upon a vowel in the following terminations, points out the syllable on which the stress of the voice is laid, but over which the mark of it must not be set. The acute accent (') marks the syllable on which the stress of the voice lays, and over which the accent is to be written. When there is no mark of an accent in the termination, the syllable that precedes it is long.

SIMPLE TENSES.

INFINITIVE MOOD.
First Conjugation. | Second Conjugation. | Third Conjugation.

PRESENT.

PRESENT.

PRESENT.

To arm, | armar. | To offend, | ofender. | To unite, | unir.
Termination, | ar. | Termination, | er. | Termination, | ir.
Radical letters, | arm. | Radical letters, | ofend. | Radical letters, | un.

GERUND. [1].

GERUND.

GERUND.

Arming, | ando. | Offending, | iendo. | Uniting, | iendo.

PARTICIPLE PAST.[2]

PARTICIPLE PAST.

PARTICIPLE PAST.

Armed, | ado. | Offended, | ido. | United, | ido.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

First Conjugation. | Second Conjugation. | Third Conjugation.

PRESENT.

PRESENT.

PRESENT.

1. I arm, | arm- | o. | 1. I offend, | ofend- | o. | 1. I unite, | un- | o.
2. Thou armest, | | as. | 2. Thou offendest, | | es. | 2. Thou unitest, | | es.
3. He arms, | | a. | 3. He offends, | | e. | 3. He unites, | | e.
2. You arm, | V.— | a.[3] | 2. You offend, | V.— | e.[6] | 2. You unite, | V.— | e.[8]
1. We arm, | | àmos. | 1. We offend, | | èmos. | 1. We unite, | | imos.
2. You arm, | | àis. | 2. You offend, | | èis. | 2. You unite, | | is.
3. They arm, | | an. | 3. They offend, | | en. | 3. They unite, | | en.
2. You arm, | VV.— | an.[4] | 2. You offend, | VV.— | en.[7] | 2. You unite, | VV.— | en.[9]

IMPERFECT..

IMPERFECT..

IMPERFECT..

1. I armed,[5] | arm- | àba. | 1. I offended, | ofend- | ía. | 1. I united, | un- | ía.
2. Thou armedst, | | àbas. | 2. Thou offendedst, | | ías. | 2. Thou unitedst, | | ías.
3. He armed, | | àba. | 3. He offended, | | ía. | 3. He united, | | ía.
2. You armed, | V.— | àba. | 2. You offended, | V.— | ía. | 2. You united, | V.— | ía.
1. We armed, | | ábamos. | 1. We offended, | | íamos. | 1. We united, | | íamos.
2. You armed, | | ábais. | 2. You offended, | | íais. | 2. You united, | | íais.
3. They armed, | | àban. | 3. They offended, | | ían. | 3. They united, | | ían.
2. You armed, | VV.— | àban. | 2. You offended, | VV.— | ían. | 2. You united, | VV.— | ían.

Remark.—Those scholars who desire a more detailed explanation of this subject, are referred to Lesson XL. page 157 of Ollendorff’s New Method of Learning to Read and Write the Spanish Language, published by D. Appleton & Co., No. 200 Broadway. This work contains every rule necessary to render easy the study of that language.

PERFECT.. | PERFECT.. | PERFECT..
1. I armed,[10] | arm- | é. | 1. I offended, | ofend- | í. | 1. I united, | un- | í.
2. Thou armedst, | | àste. | 2. Thou offendedst, | | iste. | 2. Thou unitedst, | | iste.
3. He armed, | | ó. | 3. He offended, | | ió. | 3. He united, | | ió.
2. You armed, | V.— | ó. | 2. You offended, | V.— | ió. | 2. You united, | V.— | ió.
1. We armed, | | ámos. | 1. We offended, | | imos. | 1. We united, | | imos.
2. You armed, | | ásteis. | 2. You offended, | | isteis. | 2. You united, | | isteis.
3. They armed, | | áron. | 3. They offended, | | iéron. | 3. They united, | | iéron.
2. You armed, | VV.— | áron. | 2. You offended, | VV.— | éron. | 2. You united, | VV.— | iéron.

FUTURE..

FUTURE..

FUTURE..

1. I shall arm, | arm- | aré. | 1. I shall offend, | ofend- | eré. | 1. I shall unite, | un- | iré.
2. Thou wilt arm, | | arás. | 2. Thou wilt offend, | | erás. | 2. Thou wilt unite, | | irás.
3. He will arm, | | ará. | 3. He will offend, | | erá. | 3. He will unite, | | irá.
2. You will arm, | V.— | ará. | 2. You will offend, | V.— | erá. | 2. You will unite, | V.— | irá.
1. We shall arm, | | arémos. | 1. We shall offend, | | erémos. | 1. We shall unite, | | irémos.
2. You will arm, | | aréis. | 2. You will offend, | | eréis. | 2. You will unite, | | iréis.
3. They will arm, | | arán. | 3. They will offend, | | erán. | 3. They will unite, | | irán.
2. You will arm, | VV.— | arán. | 2. You will offend, | VV.— | erán. | 2. You will unite, | VV.— | irán.

IMPERATIVE MOOD..

First Conjugation. | Second Conjugation. | Third Conjugation.
1. Let me arm,[11] | arm- | e. | 1. Let me offend, | ofend- | a. | 1. Let me unite, | un- | a.
2. Arm thou, | | a. | 2. Offend thou, | | as. | 2. Unite thou, | | e.
2. Arm thou not,[12] | no — | es. | 2. Offend thou not, | no — | as. | 2. Unite thou not, | no — | as.
3. Let him arm, | | e. | 3. Let him offend, | | a. | 3. Let him unite, | | a.
2. Arm you, | | e V. | 2. Offend you, | | a V. | 2. Unite you, | | a V.
1. Let us arm, | | èmos. | 1. Let us offend, | | àmos. | 1. Let us unite, | | àmos.
2. Arm ye, | | ad. | 2. Offend ye, | | ed. | 2. Unite ye, | | id.
2. Arm you not, | no — | éis | 2. Offend ye not, | no — | ais. | 2. Unite ye not, | no — | ais.
3. Let them arm, | | en. | 3. Let them offend, | | an. | 3. Let them unite, | | an.
2. Arm you, | | en VV. | 2. Offend you, | | an VV. | 2. Unite you, | | an VV.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD..

PRESENT.. | PRESENT.. | PRESENT..
1. I may arm, | arm- | e. | 1. I may offend, | ofend- | a. | 1. I may unite, | un- | a.
2. Thou mayst arm, | | es. | 2. Thou mayst offend, | | as. | 2. Thou mayst unite, | | as.
3. He may arm, | | e. | 3. He may offend, | | a. | 3. He may unite, | | a.
2. You may arm, | V.— | e. | 2. You may offend, | V.— | a. | 2. You may unite, | V.— | a.
1. We may arm, | | èmos. | 1. We may offend, | | àmos. | 1. We may unite, | | àmos.
2. You may arm, | | èis. | 2. You may offend, | | àis. | 2. You may unite, | | àis.
3. They may arm, | | en. | 3. They may offend, | | an. | 3. They may unite, | | an.
2. You may arm, | VV.— | en. | 2. You may offend, | VV.— | an. | 2. You may unite, | VV.— | an.

IMPERFECT..

IMPERFECT..

IMPERFECT..

Termination—àra. | Termination—ièra. | Termination—ièra.
1. I might arm, | arm- | àra. | 1. I might offend, | ofend- | ièra. | 1. I might unite, | un- | ièra.
2. Thou mightst arm, | | àras. | 2. Thou mightst offend, | | ièras. | 2. Thou mightst unite, | | ièras.
3. He might arm, | | àra. | 3. He might offend, | | ièra. | 3. He might unite, | | ièra.
2. You might arm, | V.— | àra. | 2. You might offend, | V.— | ièra. | 2. You might unite, | V.— | ièra.
1. We might arm, | | àramos. | 1. We might offend, | | ièramos. | 1. We might unite, | | ièramos.
2. You might arm, | | àrais. | 2. You might offend, | | ièrais. | 2. You might unite, | | ièrais.
3. They might arm, | | àran. | 3. They might offend, | | ièran. | 3. They might unite, | | ièran.
2. You might arm, | VV.— | àran. | 2. You might offend, | VV.— | ièran. | 2. You might unite, | VV.— | ièran.

Termination—aria.

Termination—eira.

Termination—iria.

1. I might arm, | arm- | aría. | 1. I might offend, | ofend- | ería. | 1. I might unite, | un- | iría.
2. Thou mightst arm, | | arías. | 2. Thou mightst offend, | | erías. | 2. Thou mightst unite, | | irías.
3. He might arm, | | aría. | 3. He might offend, | | ería. | 3. He might unite, | | iría.
2. You might arm, | V.— | aría. | 2. You might offend, | V.— | ería. | 2. You might unite, | V.— | iría.
1. We might arm, | | aríamos. | 1. We might offend, | | eríamos. | 1. We might unite, | | iríamos.
2. You might arm, | | aríais. | 2. You might offend, | | eríais. | 2. You might unite, | | iríais.
3. They might arm, | | arían. | 3. They might offend, | | erían. | 3. They might unite, | | iríain.
2. You might arm, | VV.— | arían. | 2. You might offend, | VV.— | erían. | 2. You might unite, | VV.— | irían.

First Conjugation.

Second Conjugation.

Third Conjugation.

Termination—àse. | Termination—ièse. | Termination—ièse.
1. I might arm, | arm- | àse. | 1. I might offend, | ofend- | ièse. | 1. I might unite, | un- | ièse.
2. Thou mightst arm, | | àses. | 2. Thou mightst offend, | | ièses. | 2. Thou mightst unite, | | ièses.
3. He might arm, | | àse. | 3. He might offend, | | ièse. | 3. He might unite, | | ièse.
2. You might arm, | V.— | àse. | 2. You might offend, | V.— | ièse. | 2. You might unite, | V.— | ièse.
1. We might arm, | | àsemos. | 1. We might offend, | | ièsemos. | 1. We might unite, | | ièsemos.
2. You might arm, | | àseis. | 2. You might offend, | | ièseis. | 2. You might unite, | | ièseis.
3. They might arm, | | àsen. | 3. They might offend, | | ièsen. | 3. They might unite, | | ièsen.
2. You might arm, | VV.— | àsen. | 2. You might offend, | VV.— | ièsen. | 2. You might unite, | VV.— | ièsen.

FUTURE..

FUTURE..

FUTURE.

1. If I should arm, | arm- | àre. | 1. If I should offend, | ofend- | ière. | 1. If I should unite, | un- | ière.
2. If thou shouldst arm, | | àres. | 2. If thou shouldst offend, | | ières. | 2. If thou shouldst unite, | | ières.
3. If he should arm, | | àre. | 3. If he should offend, | | ière. | 3. If he should unite, | | ière.
2. If you should arm, | V.— | àre. | 2. If you should offend, | V.— | ière. | 2. If you should unite, | V.— | ière.
1. If we should arm, | | áremos. | 1. If we should offend, | | iéremos. | 1. If we should unite, | | iéremos.
2. If you should arm, | | áreis. | 2. If you should offend, | | iéreis. | 2. If you should unite, | | ièreis.
3. If they should arm, | | àren. | 3. If they should offend, | | ièren. | 3. If they should unite, | | ièren.
2. If they should arm, | VV.— | àren. | 2. If they should offend, | | ièren. | 2. If they should unite, | VV.— | ièren.

Remark.—Could, would, or should express as well as might any of the above tenses, but the translation of the verb preceded by them in English, depends entirely on the meaning of the Spanish verb or conjunction that governs, or requires it in the subjunctive mood, as it is explained in Lesson LXXIX. p. 356 of Ollendorff’s Method, which the learner must study with attention.

The future of the subjunctive might be translated in English when I shall, and the verb in the usual way.

COMPOUND TENSES.

Obs. 4. These tenses being formed by placing after the verb haber, (to have,) the participle past of the principal verb, or the verb that is conjugated, only one participle for each conjugation is here given, in all the tenses.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PERFECT, OR PRETERIT DEFINITE.

It is compounded of the present of the indicative of the verb haber, (to have,) and the perfect, or participle past of the verb which is conjugated. For brevity’s sake, the English is prefixed only to the first person of all these tenses.

| I have | armed. | | Yo he | armado.
| I have | offended. | | Yo he | ofendido.
| I have | united. | | Yo he | unido.
1. He | | } armado. | Hemos | | } armado.
2. Has | | } ofendido. | Habeis | | } ofendido.
3. Ha | | } unido. | Han | | } unido.
2. V. ha | | } | VV. han | | }

PLUPERFECT.

| I had | armed. | | Yo habia | armado.
| I had | offended. | | Yo habia | ofendido.
| I had | united. | | Yo habia | unido.
1. Habia | | } armado. | Habíamos | | } armado.
2. Habias | | } ofendido. | Habíais | | } ofendido.
3. Habia | | } unido. | Habian | | } unido.
2. V. habia | | } | VV. habian | | }

PRETERIT INDEFINITE, OR ANTERIOR.

| I had | armed. | | Yo hube | armado.
| I had | offended. | | Yo hube | ofendido.
| I had | united. | | Yo hube | unido.
1. Hube | | } armado. | Hubimos | | } armado.
2. Hubiste | | } ofendido. | Hubisteis | | } ofendido.
3. Hubo | | } unido. | Hubieron | | } unido.
2. V. hubo | | } | VV. hubieron | | }

FUTURE DEFINITE.

| I shall have | armed. | | Yo habré | armado.
| I shall have | offended. | | Yo habré | ofendido.
| I shall have | united. | | Yo habré | unido.
1. Habré | | } armado. | Habrémos | | } armado.
2. Habrás | | } ofendido. | Habréis | | } ofendido.
3. Habrá | | } unido. | Habrán | | } unido.
2. V. habrá | | } | VV. habrán | | }

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PERFECT, OR PRETERIT DEFINITE.
| I may have | armed. | | Yo haya | armado.
| I may have | offended. | | Yo haya | ofendido.
| I may have | united. | | Yo haya | unido.
1. Haya | | } armado. | Háyamos | | } armado.
2. Hayas | | } ofendido. | Háyais | | } ofendido.
3. Haya | | } unido. | Hayan | | } unido.
2. V. haya | | } | VV. hayan | | }

PLUPERFECT.

Termination IERA.
I | might have | armed. | Yo | hubiera | armado.
I | might have | offended. | Yo | hubiera | ofendido.
I | might have | united. | Yo | hubiera | unido.
1. Hubiera | | } armado. | Hubiéramos | | } armado.
2. Hubieras | | } ofendido. | Hubiérais | | } ofendido.
3. Hubiera | | } unido. | Hubieran | | } unido.
2. V. hubiera | | } | VV. hubieran | | }

PLUPERFECT.

Termination RIA.
I might | (would) have | armed. | | Yo habria | armado.
I might | (would) have | offended. | | Yo habria | ofendido.
I might | (would) have | united. | | Yo habria | unido.
1. Habria | | } armado. | Habríamos | | } armado.
2. Habrias | | } ofendido. | Habríais | | } ofendido.
3. Habria | | } unido. | Habrian | | } unido.
2. V. habria | | } | VV. habrian | | }

PLUPERFECT.

Termination IESE.
I might | have | armed. | | Yo hubiese | armado.
I might | have | offended. | | Yo hubiese | ofendido.
I might | have | united. | | Yo hubiese | unido.
1. Hubiese | | } armado. | Hubiésemos | | } armado.
2. Hubieses | | } ofendido. | Hubiéseis | | } ofendido.
3. Hubiese | | } unido. | Hubiesen | | } unido.
2. V. hubiese | | } | VV. hubiesen | | }

FUTURE DEFINITE.

Should I | have | armed. | Si yo | hubiere | armado.
Should I | have | offended. | Si yo | hubiere | ofendido.
Should I | have | united. | Si yo | hubiere | unido.
1. Hubiere | | } armado. | Hubiéremos | | } armado.
2. Hubieres | | } ofendido. | Hubiéreis | | } ofendido.
3. Hubiere | | } unido. | Hubieren | | } unido.
2. V. hubiere | | } | VV. hubieren | | }

CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS.

INFINITIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
| To have. | | | To be. |
Haber. | | Tener. | Ser. | | Estar.

GERUND.

| Having. | | | Being. |
Habiendo. | | Teniendo. | Siendo. | | Estando.

PAST PARTICIPLE.

| Had. | | | Been. |
Habido. | | Tenido. | Sido. | | Estado.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.
I have. | I am.
1. He. | Tengo. | Soy. | Estoy.
2. Has. | Tienes. | Eres. | Estas.
3. Ha. | Tiene. | Es. | Está.
2. V. ha. | V. tiene. | V. es. | V. está.
1. Hemos. | Tenemos. | Somos. | Estamos.
2. Habeis. | Teneis. | Sois. | Estais.
3. Han. | Tienen. | Son. | Estan.
2. VV. han. | VV. tienen. | VV. son. | VV. estan.

IMPERFECT.

I had. | I was.
1. Habia. | Tenia. | Era. | Estaba.
2. Habias. | Tenias. | Eras. | Estabas.
3. Habia. | Tenia. | Era. | Estaba.
2. V. habia. | V. tenia. | V. era. | V. estaba.
1. Habíamos. | Teníamos. | Éramos. | Estábamos.
2. Habíais. | Teníais. | Érais. | Estábais.
3. Habian. | Tenian. | Eran. | Estaban.
2. VV. habian. | VV. tenian. | VV. eran. | VV. estaban.

PRETERIT.

I had. | I was.
1. Hube. | Tuve. | Fui. | Estuve.
2. Hubiste. | Tuviste. | Fuiste. | Estuviste.
3. Hubo. | Tuvo. | Fué. | Estuvo.
2. V. hubo. | V. tuvo. | V. fué. | V. estuvo.
1. Hubímos. | Tuvímos. | Fuímos. | Estuvimos.
2. Hubisteis. | Tuvisteis. | Fuísteis. | Estuvísteis.
3. Hubiéron. | Tuviéron. | Fuéron. | Estuviéron.
2. VV. hubiéron. | VV. tuviéron. | VV. fuéron. | VV. estuviéron.

FUTURE.

I shall have. | I shall be.
1. Habré. | Tendré. | Seré. | Estaré.
2. Habrás. | Tendrás. | Serás. | Estarás.
3. Habrá. | Tendrá. | Será. | Estará.
2. V. habrá. | V. tendrá. | V. será. | V. estará.
1. Habrémos. | Tendrémos. | Serémos. | Estarémos.
2. Habréis. | Tendréis. | Seréis. | Estaréis.
3. Habrán. | Tendrán. | Serán. | Estarán.
2. VV. habrán. | VV. tendrán. | VV. serán. | VV. estarán.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Let me have. | Let me be.
1. Let me have. | Tenga yo. | Sea. | Esté.
2. Have thou. | Ten tú. | Se. | Está.
2. Have not. | No tengas. | Nó seas. | No estes.
3. Let him have. | Tenga él. | Sea. | Esté.
2. Have. | Tenga V. | Sea V. | Esté V.
1. Let us have. | Tengamos. | Seamos. | Estemos.
2. Have ye. | Tened. | Sed. | Estad.
2. Have not. | No tengais. | No seais. | No estais.
3. Let them have. | Tengan. | Sean. | Esten.
2. Have you. | Tengan VV. | Sean VV. | Esten VV.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.
I may have. | I may be.
1. Haya. | Tenga. | Sea. | Esté.
2. Hayas. | Tengas. | Seas. | Estes.
3. Haya. | Tenga. | Sea. | Esté.
2. V. haya. | V. tenga. | V. sea. | V. esté.
1. Háyamos. | Tengamos. | Seamos. | Estemos.
2. Háyais. | Tengais. | Seais. | Esteis.
3. Hayan. | Tengan. | Sean. | Esten.
2. VV. hayan. | VV. tengan. | VV. sean. | VV. esten.

IMPERFECT.

FIRST TERMINATION.
I would have. | I would be.
1. Hubiera. | Tuviera. | Fuera. | Estuviera.
2. Hubieras. | Tuvieras. | Fueras. | Estuvieras.
3. Hubiera. | Tuviera. | Fuera. | Estuviera.
2. V. hubiera. | V. tuviera. | V. fuera. | V. estuviera.
1. Hubiéramos. | Tuviéramos. | Fuéramos. | Estuviéramos.
2. Hubiérais. | Tuviérais. | Fuérais. | Estuviérais.
3. Hubieran. | Tuvieran. | Fueran. | Estuvieran.
2. VV. hubieran. | VV. tuvieran. | VV. fueran. | VV. estuvieran.

SECOND TERMINATION.

I would have. | I would be.
1. Habria. | Tendria. | Seria. | Estaria.
2. Habrias. | Tendrias. | Serias. | Estarias.
3. Habria. | Tendria. | Seria. | Estaria.
2. V. habria. | V. tendria. | V. seria. | V. estaria.
1. Habríamos. | Tendríamos. | Seríamos. | Estaríamos.
2. Habríais. | Tendríais. | Seríais. | Estaríais.
3. Habrian. | Tendrian. | Serian. | Estarian.
2. VV. habrian. | VV. tendrian. | VV. serian. | VV. estarian.

THIRD TERMINATION.

I should have. | I should be.
1. Hubiese. | Tuviese. | Fuese. | Estuviese.
2. Hubieses. | Tuvieses. | Fueses. | Estuvieses.
3. Hubiese. | Tuviese. | Fuese. | Estuviese.
2. V. hubiese. | V. tuviese. | V. fuese. | V. estuviese.
1. Hubiésemos. | Tuviésemos. | Fuésemos. | Estuviésemos.
2. Hubiéseis. | Tuviéseis. | Fuéseis. | Estuviéseis.
3. Hubiesen. | Tuviesen. | Fuesen. | Estuviesen.
2. VV. hubiesen. | VV. tuviesen. | VV. fuesen. | VV. estuviesen.

FUTURE.

When I shall have. | When I shall be.
1. Hubiere. | Tuviere. | Fuere. | Estuviere.
2. Hubieres. | Tuvieres. | Fueres. | Estuvieres.
3. Hubiere. | Tuviere. | Fuere. | Estuviere.
2. V. hubiere. | V. tuviere. | V. fuere. | V. estuviere.
1. Hubiéremos. | Tuviéremos. | Fuéremos. | Estuviéremos.
2. Hubiéreis. | Tuviéreis. | Fuéreis. | Estuviéreis.
3. Hubieren. | Tuvieren. | Fueren. | Estuvieren.
2. VV. hubieren. | VV. tuvieren. | VV. fuéren. | VV. estuviéren.

IDIOMATICAL TRANSLATION OF SOME TENSES.

N.B.—The (i) stands for the present of the infinitive mood, and the (p) for the past participle.

I am to, (i,) | He de, (i,) (139-153)[13]
Thou art to, (i,) &c. | Has de, (i,) &c.
I was to, (i,) &c. | Habia de, (i,) &c.
I shall be obliged to, (i,) &c. | Habré de, (i,) &c.
I have just, (p,) &c. | Acabo de, (i,) acabas de, (i,) &c. (211.)
I had just, &c. | Acababa de, (i,) acababas de, (i,) &c.
I am going to, (i,) &c. | {Voy á, (i,) vas á, (i,) va á, (i.)
| {Vamos á, (i,) vais á, (i,) van á, (i.)
I was going to, (i,) &c. | Iba á, (i,) ibas á,(i,) iba á, (i,) &c.
| {Volver á, (i.)
To (i) again, &c. | {Vuelvo á, (i,) vuelves á, (i,) vuelve  á, (i.)
| {Volvemos á, (i,) volveis á, (i,) vuelven á, (i.)
I liked to have, (p.) | Estuve para, (i.)
To be near.  } Pres. | {Estar á pique de, (i.)
To come near.} participle. | {Estar á punto de, (i.)
| { Estar para, (i.)
To be about, (p. or i.) | Estar para.
To be to, (i.) | Ser de. Haber de. Deber.
It is to be observed. | {Es de notar. Se ha de notar.
| {Debe notarse.

TABLE SHOWING HOW TO PLACE THE DIFFERENT PRONOUNS IN A SENTENCE, (69.)

Él me le | (los, la, las, lo) | da.
Él no te le | (los, la, las, lo) | envia.
¿Nos le | (los, la, las, lo) | ofrece él?
¿Nos le | (los, la, las, lo) | trae él?
V. no se le | (los, la, las, lo) | promete.

A VERB AFFIRMATIVELY, NEGATIVELY, AND INTERROGATIVELY CONJUGATED.

I recompense, or do recompense. | Recompenso.
I do not recompense. | {Yo no recompenso, or
{No recompenso.
Do I recompense? | {¿Recompenso? or
{¿Recompenso yo?
Do I not recompense? | {¿No recompenso?
{¿No recompenso yo?
I have corresponded. | He correspondido.
I have not corresponded. | No he correspondido.
Have I corresponded? | {¿He correspondido? or
{¿He correspondido yo?
Have I not corresponded? | ¿No he correspondido yo?

PASSIVE VERBS. (175.)

Passive verbs are formed from active-transitive verbs by adding their participle past, or passive, to the auxiliary verb ser, (to be,) through all its changes, as in English; thus, from the active verb amar, (to love,) is formed the passive verb ser amado, (to be loved.)

Obs. 5. The participle must agree in gender and number with the nominative it refers to; consequently it changes the o into a when the subject is feminine, and adds s for the plural; thus,

SINGULAR.
He is loved. | El es amado.
She is loved. | Ella es amada.
You are loved. | V. es amado, (amada.)

PLURAL.

They are loved. | Ellos son amados.
They are loved. | Ellas son amadas.
You are loved. | VV. son amados, (amadas.)

Obs. 6. In the compound tenses the participle of the principal verb is the only one that admits the change; the participle of the auxiliary verb to be (been, sido) is unchangeable; as,

He has been rewarded. | El ha sido premiado.
They have been rewarded. | Ellos han sido premiados.
She had been admired. | Ella habia sido admirada.
They had been admired. | Ellas habian sido admiradas.
You could have been employed. | V. habria sido empleado, (empleada.)
You could have been assisted. | VV. habrian sido asistidos, (asistidas.)

Obs. 7. Passive impersonal verbs, and those referring to inanimate objects or things, are translated by placing the verb which is in the participle past in English, in the same person and number in which the verb to be is in the English sentence, placing the pronoun se before it; thus,—This ship was built in less than three months; Esta fragata se construyó en ménos de tres meses, instead of fué construida. It is said; Se dice, instead of Es dicho.

PRONOMINAL, OR REFLECTIVE VERBS.

A pronominal, or reflective verb, is that which has the same person or thing as subject and object; as,

He arms himself.  |  El se arma á sí mismo.

These verbs terminate their present of the infinitive mood by the pronoun se, which must be suppressed in order to find out the conjugation, thus—

To approach. | Acercarse.
To be sorry. | Dolerse.
To repent. | Arrepentirse.

Taking off the se we here have, acercar, 1st conjugation, doler, 2d conjugation; and arrepentir, 3d conjugation. (80.)

These verbs are conjugated by placing the pronouns me, te, se, se, nos, os, se, se, according to the number and person of the nominative they refer to, immediately before the verb, if the subject be expressed before it; and either before or after the verb, if the subject be not expressed or placed after it. When they are placed, after the verb, they must be written so as to form one word with it.

In the imperative mood they are always placed after the verb, which suppresses the s in the first person plural, and the d in the second person of the same number. When the second person singular or plural is used with the adverb no, the pronouns are placed before the verb. Examples:—

1. I congratulate myself. | Yo me congratulo.
2. Thou congratulatest thyself. | Tú te congratulas.
3. He congratulates himself. | El se congratula.
2. You congratulate yourself. | V. se congratula.
1. We congratulate ourselves. | Nosotros nos congratulamos.
2. You congratulate yourselves. | Vosotros os congratulais.
3. They congratulate themselves. | Ellos se congratulan.
2. You congratulate yourselves. | VV. se congratulan.
1. I had congratulated myself. | Me habia congratulado.
2. I have armed myself. | Yo me he armado.
3. They had flattered themselves. | Ellos se habian lisonjeado.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Behave (thou) well. | Pórtate bien.
Behave (you) well. | Portáos bien, (the d is suppressed)
Behave not ill. | No te portes mal.
Behave (you) not ill. | No os portéis mal.
Let us prepare ourselves. | Preparémonos. (the s is suppressed.)

GERUND.—Gerundio.

The gerund is that part of the verb that terminates in ando in the verbs of the first conjugation, and in iendo in those of the second and third; as, publicando, (publishing,) from publicar; prometiendo, (promising,) from prometer; asistiendo, (assisting,) from asistir. It does not admit any change of gender or number.

It is translated by the English present participle, and conjugated with the verb estar, (to be;) as,

Anastasia is reading, and Maria Ann is playing on the piano.

Anastasia está leyendo, y Maria Ana está tocando el piano.

It is used also absolutely; as,

By practising virtue thou wilt be happy. | Practicando la virtud, serás feliz.

VERBS THAT ALTER THEIR RADICAL LETTERS.

Verbs ending in car change the c into que, when the first letter of the termination is e; as, to mark, marcar, marc-ar, (perfect tense) marqué.

Verbs ending in gar add a u immediately after the g in the terminations beginning by e; as, to pay, pagar, pag-ar, (perfect tense) pagué.

Verbs in | cer | change the | c | into | z | }
“ | ger | “ | g | “ | j | } when the first letter
“ | gir | “ | g | “ | j | } of the termination is
“ | quir | “ | qu | “ | c | } either o or a.
“ | guir | lose the | u | “ | | }

Examples:—To vanquish, vencer, venzo; to choose, escoger escojo; to elect, elegir, elijo; to transgress the law, delinquir delinco; to follow, seguir, sigo.

REMARKS ON THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

1. The imperfect tense of the subjunctive has three terminations; the first in ra, the second in ria, the third in se.

The termination ra (or se) must be used when the verb is governed by a conditional conjunction, or an interjection expressing a wish; and if any other verb be in the same phrase to complete its sense, it must be placed in the termination ria; as, If you studied more, you would learn very much; Si usted estudiara mas, V. aprenderia mucho.

2. When the verb begins without a conditional conjunction, the termination ra or ría may be used, and the verb requisite to complete the sentence must be placed in the termination se; as, It would be proper that you should write to him; Fuera (or seria) bueno que V. le escribiese.

3. Verbs denoting admiration, command, desire, duty, fear, ignorance, intention, permission, prohibition, application, surprise, will, and also the impersonal verbs, govern the next verb in the subjunctive with que. If the governing verb is in the present or future of the indicative, or subjunctive, the verb governed must be placed in the present of the subjunctive. If the governing verb be in any of the past tenses of the indicative, the verb governed must be placed in the first or third termination of the imperfect tense of the subjunctive; as, They beg you to come early; Suplican a V. que venga temprano. I requested him to send you my letter; Le encargué que enviara á V. mi carta.

PARTICIPLE.

The passive or past participle terminates in ado in the first conjugation, and in ido in the second and third. It changes its termination according to the number and gender of the person it refers to; except when it follows immediately after the verb haber, or any other auxiliary, in which case it does not admit of any change.

All passive participles that do not terminate in ado or ido are called irregular; such are the following, from the verbs—

To open,  abrir, abierto. | To print, imprimir, impreso.
To cover, cubrir, cubierto. | To die, morir, muerto.
To say, decir, dicho. | To solve, solver, suelto.
To write, escribir, escrito. | To see, ver, visto.
To fry, freir, frito. | To put, poner, puesto.
To do, hacer, hecho. | To turn,  volver, vuelto.
Their compounds have the same irregularity.

Obs. 8. The participles past of haber, ser, estar, and tener, do not admit any variation. The first and the last had it formerly.

VERBS THAT HAVE TWO PARTICIPLES.

There are some verbs that have two passive participles, the one regular and the other irregular. Such are:—To bless, bendecir, bendecido, bendito; to compel, compeler, compelido, compulso; to convert, convertir, convertido, converso; to awake, despertar, despertado, despierto; to elect, elegir, elegido, electo; to express, expresar, expresado, expreso; to fix, fijar, fijado, fijo; to satiate, hartar, hartado, harto; to include, incluir, incluido, incluso; to join, juntar, juntado junto; to arrest, prender, prendido, preso; to provide, proveer, proveido, provisto; to break, romper, rompido, roto; to loosen, soltar, soltado, suelto; to suspend, suspender, suspendido, suspenso, &c.

The regular participles of these verbs are used to form the compound tenses with haber; as,

He has awaked early. | El ha dispertado temprano.

The irregular participles are used as verbal adjectives, and with the verbs ser, &c., and do not form compound tenses with haber; excepting preso, prescrito, provisto, roto, and a few others; as,

He is early awaked. | El está despierto temprano.

They have provided. | Ellos han provisto, (proveido.)

ADVERBS.

Adverbs are formed from adjectives of one termination by adding to them mente; as, dulce, dulcemente: and from those of two terminations by adding mente to the feminine; as, gracioso, graciosamente. They admit the superlative; as, graciosísimamente.

When two or more adverbs ending in ly occur in the same sentence, the termination mente is added to the last only; as,

He speaks elegantly and correctly.
El habla correcta y elegantemente.

A FEW OF THE ADVERBS.

Here, | acá, aquí. | Little, | poco.
There, | allá, allí, ahí. | Already, | ya.
Near, | cerca. | Often, | á menudo.
Far, | léjos. | To-day, | hoy.
Where, | donde, adonde. | Yesterday, | ayer.
Within, | dentro. | To-morrow, | mañana.
Without, | fuera. | Last night, | anoche.
Up, | arriba. | Now, | ahora.
Down, | abajo. | Presently, | luego.
Before, | delante. | Late, | tarde.
Behind, | detras. | Early, | temprano.
Upon, | encima. | Always, | siempre.
Under, | debajo. | Never, | nunca, jamas.
Well, | bien. | Thus, | así.
Ill, | mal. | Very, | muy.
More, | mas. | Even, | aun.
Less, | ménos. | Yes, | si.
Much, | mucho. | No, nor, | no, ni.

SOME ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS.

On all fours, | á gatas.
In heaps, | á montones.
Hardly, | á pénas.
On credit, | á plazo.
Sometimes, | á veces.
Truly, | á la verdad.
Knowingly, | á sabiendas.
On the back, | á cuestas.
At the utmost delay, | á mas tardar.
Slyly, | á la sordina.
Secretly, | á escondidas.
Rashly, Imprudently, | á ojos cerrados.
Instantly, | al punto.
Very nearly, | casi casi.
As soon as possible. | cuanto ántes.
How long, | cuanto tiempo.
At most, | cuando mucho.
At least, | cuando ménos.
Gratis, for nothing, | de balde.
Readily, | de contado.
Of course, | de seguro.
From time to time,  } | de cuando en cuando.
Now and then,  }
To and fro,  } | de aquí para allí.
Here and there, }
On a sudden,  } | de improviso.
Unexpectedly,   }
Purposely, | de intento.
Across, | de traves.
In fact, actually, | de hecho.
Pell-mell, | de tropel.
By chance,  } | de lance.
Cheaply,   }
Second-hand, }
Truly, | de véras.
In good earnest, | en conciencia.
Forthwith, | en seguida.
In the future, | en adelante.
Hereafter, | en lo sucesivo.
In a direct way, | en derechura.
Briefly, | { en resumen.
In short, | { en breve.
To the utmost, | hasta no mas.
Long time ago, | mucho tiempo ha.
Behold, | he aquí, or allí.
Not long since, | no ha mucho.
No sooner, Scarcely | no bien.
Lately, | poco ha.
By degrees, Softly, | poco á poco.
Of course, | por supuesto.
Nearly, | por poco.
Superficially, | por encima.
Short time ago, | poco ha.
Confidently, | { sobre seguro.
{ á ciencia.
{ á cierta.
Without motive or cause, | sin ton ni son.
Some time ago, | rato ha.
Perhaps, | tal vez, acaso.
Once, | una vez.
At once, | de una vez.
Sometimes, | á véces.

PREPOSITIONS.

The most frequent are—

At, to, for, | A. | Towards, | hácia.
Before, | ántes, ante. | Until, | hasta.
With, | con. | For, to, | para.
Against, | contra. | By, for, through | por.
Of, from, | de. | According, | segun.
From, | desde. | Without, | sin.
In, on, at, | en. | On, upon, | sobre.
Between, among, | entre. | Behind, | tras, detras.

The following prepositions require de after them, when they are followed by a noun or pronoun as,

That man comes after. | Ese hombre viene despues.
Sir, he will go after you. | Señor, él irá despues de V.

About, | á cerca, | al rededor, | en torno.
á cerca de, | al rededor de, | en torno de.

Before,

ántes, delante.

Within, in,

dentro.

Above, up, | encima. | After, | despues.
Below, | abajo. | Behind, | detras, tras.
Under, | bajo. | Beneath, | debajo.
Out of, | fuera. | Opposite, | enfrente.
Near, | cerca. | On, upon, | encima.

CONJUNCTIONS.

They are classed as follows:

COPULATIVE.
That, | que.
Also, | tambien.
Moreover, | además.
And, | y or i, é.[14]

DISJUNCTIVE.

Neither, nor, | ni.
Or, either,  } | ó, ú, ya.[15]
Whether,   }
Whether, | sea que.
Neither, | tampoco.

ADVERSATIVE.

But, | mas, pero.
Even, | { aun cuando.
{ aun, cuando.
Although,  } | aunque.
Though,    }

CAUSAL.

Because, | porque, que.
Why? | ¿porqué?
Since, | pues, pues que.
By, for, | por.
Therefore, | por tanto.
Whereas, | por cuanto.
That, | para que.
That, | { para que.
In order that, | { á fin de.

CONDITIONAL.

If, | si.
But, | sino.
Provided, | con tal que.
Unless, | { á ménos de.
{ á ménos que.

CONTINUATIVE.

Since, | pues, puesto que.

COMPARATIVE.

As, | como, así como.
So, | así.

INTERJECTIONS.

Alas! | ¡Ay!
Ah! | ¡Ah!
Wo to me! | ¡Ay de mí!
Lo! | ¡He!
Well! | ¡Ea!
Holla! | ¡Ola!
Take care! | ¡Tate!
Hurrah! | ¡Viva!
Here! | ¡Ce!
Fie! | ¡Puf!
God grant! | ¡Ojalá!

SOME OF THE MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS.

A or a, | Arroba, | Twenty-five pounds weight.
AA. | Autores, | Authors.
A.C. | Año Cristiano, | Christian year.
Art. or art. | Artículo, | Article.
B.L.M. | { Beso, besamos, besa,} | I, we kiss; he, she kisses;
{ besan la mano, or  } | they kiss the hands.
{ las manos,     } |
B.L.P. | Beso or besa los piés, | I kiss or he kisses the feet.
D. Dn. | Don, | Mr.
Da. | Doña, | Mrs.
Dr., D.D. | Doctor, Doctores, | Doctor, Doctors.
Exmo., Esmo., } | Excelentísimo, | Most Excellent.
Escmo.    }
Fr. | Fray, Frey, | Friar, Brother.
Ib. | Ibidem, | The same.
Ille. Illmo. Illma. | { Ilustre, Ilustrísimo, } | Illustrious, Most Illustrious.
{ Ilustrísima,    }
Ill. P.S. | Muy poderoso Señor, | Most powerful Sir.
N. | Fulano, | Such a one.
No. or Núm. | Número, | Number.
Nro. Nra. | Nuestro, a, | Our.
Onz. | Onza, | Ounce.
Orn. | Orden, | Order.
P.D. | Post data, | Postscript.
R.P.M. or Mtro. | { Reverendo Padre } | Reverend Father and Master.
{ Maestro,     }
Rdo. P. | Reverendo Padre, | Reverend Father.
S.Sn. Sto. Sta. | San, Santo, or Santa, | Saint.
S.A. | Su Alteza, | His Highness.
S.A.A. | Su afecto amigo, | Your affectionate friend.
S.M. | Su Magestad, | His Majesty.
Sr. Sor. or Sra. | Señor or Señora, | Sir, Lord, Madam, Lady.
S. Sria. or Sra. | Su Señoria, | His Lordship, Her Ladyship.
S.S.S. | Su seguro servidor, | Your assured servant.
V. Vd. Vm. or Vmd. | Usted, | Your worship, you.
VV. Vs. Vms. or } | Ustedes, | Your worships, you.
Vmds.     }
V.E. or V. Esca | Vueclelencia, | Your Excellency.
V.M. | Vuestra Majestad, | Your Majesty.
V.S. | Usia, (Vueseñoria,) | Your Lordship.
V.S.I. | Usía Ilustrísima, | Your Grace.

PART II.
A VOCABULARY OF WORDS NECESSARY TO BE KNOWN.

THE NUMBERS.—LOS NUMEROS.

Cardinal Numbers.—Números Cardinales.

One. | Uno, m. Una, f. | Twenty-five. | Veinticinco.
Two. | Dos[16]. | Twenty-six. | Veintiseis.
Three. | Tres. | Twenty-seven. | Veintisiete.
Four. | Cuatro. | Twenty-eight. | Veintiocho.
Five. | Cinco. | Twenty-nine. | Veintinueve.
Six. | Seis. | Thirty. | Treinta.
Seven. | Siete. | Thirty-one. | Treinta y uno.
Eight. | Ocho. | Thirty-two, &c. | Treinta y dos.
Nine. | Nueve. | Forty. | Cuarenta.
Ten. | Diez. | Fifty. | Cincuenta.
Eleven. | Once. | Sixty. | Sesenta.
Twelve. | Doce. | Seventy. | Setenta.
Thirteen. | Trece. | Eighty. | Ochenta.
Fourteen. | Catorce. | Ninety. | Noventa.
Fifteen. | Quince. | A or one hundred. | Ciento.
Sixteen. | Diez y seis. | Two hundred. | Doscientos[17].
Seventeen. | Diez y siete. | Three hundred. | Trescientos.
Eighteen. | Diez y ocho. | Four hundred. | Cuatrocientos.
Nineteen. | Diez y nueve. | Five hundred. | Quinientos.
Twenty. | Veinte. | Six hundred. | Seiscientos.
Twenty-one. | Veintiuno. | Seven hundred. | Setecientos.
Twenty-two. | Veintidos. | Eight hundred. | Ochocientos.
Twenty-three. | Veintitres. | Nine hundred. | Novecientos.
Twenty-four. | Veinticuatro. | A or one thousand. | Mil.

One thousand and one. | Mil y uno.
One thousand and eleven. | Mil y once.
One thousand one hundred and one. | Mil, ciento y uno.
One thousand five hundred. | Mil y quinientos.
Two thousand. | Dos mil.
Five hundred thousand. | Quinientos mil.
A million. | Millon, (cuento.)

Two numbers coming together in an inverted order in English, are translated by placing the highest in the first place; thus,

Three and twenty. | Veinte y tres.

Eleven hundred, fifteen hundred, and the like expressions, are always translated, one thousand one hundred, one thousand five hundred, &c.; thus, mil y ciento, mil y quinientos, and not once cientos, &c.

The words o’clock are omitted in reference to the hours of the day, which are expressed by the cardinal numbers, preceded by the article las or la with reference to una, one; as,

- What time is it?  | ¿Que hora es?

- It is one o’clock. | Es la una.

- It is two o’clock. | Son las dos.

Ordinal Numbers.—Números Ordinales.

| Singular. | Plural.
The first. | { El primero.  } | Los primeros.
{ El primer.[18] }
The second. | El segundo. | Los segundos.
The third. | { El tercero.  } | Los terceros.
{ El tercer.  }
The fourth. | El cuarto. | Los cuartos.
The fifth. | El quinto. | Los quintos.
The sixth. | El sexto. | Los sextos.
The seventh. | El séptimo. | Los séptimos.
The eighth. | El octavo. | Los octavos.
The ninth. | { El nono. | Los nonos.
{ El noveno. | Los novenos.
The tenth. | El décimo. | Los décimos.
The eleventh. | El undécimo. | Los undécimos.
The twentieth. | El vigésimo. | Los vigésimos.
The thirtieth. | El trigésimo. | Los trigésimos.

Ordinal numbers change o into a for the feminine, and admit the same variation of numbers as the adjectives.

The cardinal numbers are used instead of the ordinal in speaking of the days of the month, excepting the first; as,

The fourth of July. | El cuatro de Julio.
The first of May. | El primero de Mayo.
What day of the month is it? | { ¿Que dia del mes tenemos?
{ ¿Que dia es hoy?
(It is) the first. | El primero.
(It is) the second. | El dos.
(It is) the third. | El tres.
What day of the month is this? | ¿A cuantos estamos?
(It is) the eleventh. | A once.

Obs. Except the first day of the month, all the other days are expressed by a cardinal number preceded by the article.

TABLA DE LA MONEDA CORRIENTE EN ESPAÑA,
Y LAS REPUBLICAS DE AMERICA.

COBRE.
2 maravedíses | valen | 1 ochavo.
2 ochavos | “ | 1 cuarto.
8½ cuartos | “ | 1 real de vellon.
4 reales de vellon | “ | 1 peseta.
5 pesetas | “ | 1 peso, or duro.
4 pesetas columnarias | “ | 1 “    “

PLATA.

1 duro, peso fuerte, peso, ó escudo de plata, a silver dollar | vale | $1.00
1 medio duro, ó escudo de vellon, half a dollar | “ | 50
1 peseta columnaria, quarter of a dollar | “ | 25
1 real de plata Americano, New York shilling | “ | 12½
1 medio real, medio, New York sixpence | “ | 6½

| Valor | Valor
| nominal. | real.
1 peseta provincial ó Sevillana, pistareen | 20 cents. | 16 cents.
2 reales de vellon, half pistareen | 10  “ | 8  “
1 real de vellon, ó 34 maravedíses, quarter pistareen | 5   “ | 4  “

Valor

Valor

ORO. | nominal. | real.
1 onza ú onza de oro, a doubloon | $16.00 | $15.56
½ onza, (cuatro escudos,) half of a doubloon | 8.00 | 7.76
¼ un doblon de á dos, a quarter of a doubloon | 4.00 | 3.88
⅛ un dobloncito, ó un escudo, an eighth of a doubloon | 2.00 | 1.94
1/16 un escudito, un durillo, ó veinten, a sixteenth of a doubloon | 1.00 | .97

Of Heaven and the Elements.—Del Cielo y de los Elementos.

N.B.—A word within a parenthesis followed by an M, in the following Vocabulary and Dialogues, indicates that it is the one used in the Mexican States.

God, | Dios. | The wind, | el viento.
Jesus Christ, | Jesucristo. | The rain, | la lluvia.
The Holy Ghost, | El Espíritu Santo. | The thunder, | el trueno.
The angel, | el ángel. | The lightning, | el relámpago.
The paradise, | el paraíso. | The hail, | el granizo.
The world, | el mundo. | The thunderbolt, | el rayo, or la centella.
The fire, | el fuego. | The snow, | la nieve.
The air, | el aire. | The frost, | la helada.
The earth, | la tierra. | The ice, | el hiélo.
The sea, | el mar. | The white frost, | la escarcha.
The sun, | el sol. | The dew, | el rocío.
The moon, | la luna. | The fog, | la niébla.
The stars, | las estrellas. | A deluge, | un diluvio.
The rays, | los rayos. | The heat, | el calor.
The clouds, | las nubes. | The cold, | el frío.

Of the Weather and Seasons.—Del tiempo y de las estaciones.

The day, | el día. | The day after to-morrow, | pasado mañana.
The noon, | el mediodía. | This evening, | esta tarde.
The night, | la noche. | This morning, | esta mañana.
Midnight, | media noche. | After dinner, | despues de comer.
The morning, | la mañana. | After supper, | despues de cenar.
The afternoon,  } | la tarde. | A week, | una semána.
The evening,  } | A month, | un mes.
Hour, | hora. | A year, | un año.
Quarter of an hour, | cuarto de hora. | A moment, | un momento.
Half an hour, | media hora. | The spring, | la primavera.
Three quarters of an hour, | tres cuartos de hora. | The summer, | el verano or estío.
To-day, | hoy. | Autumn, | el otoño.
Yesterday, | ayer. | The winter, | el invierno.
The day before yesterday, | ántes de ayer. | A holiday, | día de fiesta.
A working-day, | día de trabajo. | The sun-setting, | el ponerse del sol.
The sun-rising, | la salida del sol. | The dawn, | la aurora.

The Days of the Week.—
Los días de la semána.

Monday, | Lúnes.
Tuesday, | Mártes.
Wednesday, | Miércoles.
Thursday, | Juéves.
Friday, | Viérnes.
Saturday, | Sábado.
Sunday, | Domingo.

The Months.—Los meses.

January, | Enero.
February, | Febrero.
March, | Marzo.
April, | Abril.
May, | Mayo.
June, | Junio.
July, | Júlio.
August, | Agosto.
September, | Setiembre.
October, | Octubre.
November, | Noviembre.
December, | Diciembre.

The Holidays of the Year.—Dias de fiesta del año.

New Year’s Day, | el dia de Año Nuevo.
Lent, | la Cuaresma.
The Ember-weeks, | las Cuatro témporas.
Palm Sunday, | Domingo de Ramos.
Good Friday, | Viérnes Santo.
Easter-day, | Pascua de Resurreccion.
Twelfth day, | Dia de Reyes.
Whitsunday, | Pascua del Espíritu Santo.
All Souls’-day, | Dia de Difuntos, (muertos, M.)
Christmas, | Pascua de navidád. La Noche Buena.
The Eve, | la Vigilia.
The Harvest, | la cosecha de Granos.

Ecclesiastical Dignities.—Dignidades ecclesiasticas.

The pope, | el papa. | A canon, | un canonigo.
A cardinal, | un cardenal. | A priest, | un sacerdote.
An archbishop, | un arzobispo. | A chaplain, | un capellan.
A bishop, | un obispo. | A vicar, | un vicario.
A nuncio, | un nuncio. | A vicar-general, | un vicaria general.
A prelate, | un prelado. | A dean, | un dean.
A rector, | un cura. | A sexton, | un sacristan.
An almoner, | un limosnero. | A musician, | un músico.
A curate, | teniente de cura. | A beadle, | un pertiguero.
A preacher, | un predicador. | A grave-digger, | sepulturero.

Names of Things most usually Eaten.—
Nombres de las cosas que se comen mas comunmente.

Bread, | pan. | A slice of bread, | una rebanoda de pan.
Meat, | carne. | A broth, | un caldo.
Fish, | pez or pescado. | A salad, | una ensalada.
Boiled meat, | el cocido. | A sauce, | una salsa.
Roast meat, | el asado. | A stew, | un estofado.
A mouthful of bread, | un bocado de pan. | A ragout, | un guisado.
A pie, | un pastel. | Fruits, | las frutas.
A soup, | una sopa. | Cheese, | el queso.

The Covering of the Table.— El aparato de la mesa.

The table, | la mesa. | A basin, | palangana.
The tablecloth, | el mantel. | A glass, | copa.
A chair, | una silla. | A napkin, | una servilleta.
A knife, | un cuchillo. | A flask, | un flasco.
A fork, | un tenedor. | A cup, | una jicara, taza.
A plate, | un plato. | A saucer, | una salsera.
A dish, | fuente, platon. | A towel, | una toalla.
A saltcellar, | un salero. | A service, | un servicio.
Oil-cruet, | aceítera. | Water, | agua.
Vinegar-cruet, | vinagrera. | Wine, | vino.
Casters, | taller. | Brandy, | aguardiente.
A sugar-dish, | azucarero. | A decanter, | una botella de cristal.
A candle, | una vela. | A tumbler, | un vaso.
A candlestick, | un candelero. | A jug, | un jarro.
The snuffers, | las despabiladeras. | A bottle, | una botella.
A chafingdish, | el braserito. | A gill, | una copa.

What is Eaten at Table, Boiled.—
Loque se come en la mesa cocido.

Beef, | la vaca.
Mutton, | el carnero.
Veal, | la ternera.
Lamb, | el cordero.
A fowl, | una gallina.
A turkey, | un pavo, (un guajolote, M.)

Other Dishes.—Otros platos.

A ragout, | un guisado.
A fricassee, | una fricasé.
Stewed meat, | estofado.
Sweetbread, | lechecillas.
A tart, | una torta.
Petty patties, | pastelillos.
Ham, | jamon.
Sausages, | salchichas.
A Bologna sausage, | salchicha de Boloña.
Black pudding, | morcilla.
Liver, | hígado.
A hash, | un picadillo.
Beef’s tongue, | lengua de vaca.

What is roasted.—Loque es asádo.

Pullets, | pollos. | A hare, | una liebre.
Pigeons, | pichónes. | A rabbit, | un conejo.
Woodcocks, | gallinetas. | A hog, | un cerdo.
Partridges, | perdices. | A roasting-pig, | lechoncillo.
Thrushes, | tordos. | A wild-boar, | un jabalí.
Larks, | alondras. | A stag, | un ciervo.
Quails, | codorníces. | A leg of mutton, | pierna a carnero.
Pheasants, | faisanes. | A loin of veal, | tomo de ternera.
A turkey-cock, | un pavo, | A shoulder of mutton, | brazuelo de carnero.
| (un guajolote, M.) | Game, | caza.
A goose, | un ganso. | A duck, | un pato.
A gosling, | un gansaron, or | |
| pollo de ganso. | |

To season Meat with.—
Para sazonar la carne.

Salt, | sal. | Pimento, | chile,. (M.)
Pepper, | pimienta. | Mushrooms, | setas.
Oil, | aceite. | Onions, | cebollas.
Vinegar, | vinagre. | Garlic, | ajos.
Verjuice, | agraz. | Bacon, | tocino.
Mustard, | mostaza. | Oranges, | naranjas.
Cloves, | clavos. | Lemons, | limones.
Cinnamon, | canela. | Parsley, | perexil.
Capers, | alcaparras. | Young onions, | cebolletas.
Laurel, | laurel. | Eggs, | huevos.
Chervil, | perifollo. | |

For a Salad.—Para una ensalada.

Endives, | endibias.
Lettuce, | lechuga.
Succory, | achicoria.
Celery, | apio.
Chervil, | perifollo.
Roman lettuce, | lechuga Romana.
Cresses, | berros.

For Fast Days.— Para los dias de ayuno.

Butter, | manteca. | Oysters, | ostras.
Milk, | leche. | Salmon, | salmon.
Eggs in the | huevos | Codfish, | abadejo, bacalao,
shell, | cocidos. | | merluza.
Poached eggs, | huevos | A mackerel, | caballa, escombro,
| estrellados. | | halacha.
An omelet, | tortilla de huevos. | A lobster, | langosta.
Crawfish, | cangrejo de | Peas, | guisantes.
| agua dulce. | Beans, | habas.
A pike, | un lucio. | Kidney-beans, | frijoles.
A carp, | una carpa. | Spinach, | espinacas.
A trout, | una trucha. | Artichokes, | alcachofas.
A sole, | lenguado. | Asparagus, | esparragos.
An eel, | anguila. | Cabbages, | berzas, coles.
A tench, | tenca. | Cauliflowers, | coliflores.
A sturgeon, | esturion. | Vegetables, | verduras.
A herring, | arenque. | Fennel, | hinojo.

For the Dessert.—Para los postres.

Apples, | manzanas. | Sweetmeats, | dulces, conservas.
Pears, | peras. | Nuts, | nueces.
Peaches, | duraznos. | Filberts, | avellanas.
Mellow peaches, | melocotones, (priscos.) | Chestnuts, | castañas.
Apricots, | albaricoques. | Almonds, | almendras.
Cherries, | cerezas. | Medlars, | nisperos.
Figs, | higos. | Blackberries, | zarzamora.
Plums, | ciruelas. | Quinces, | membrillos.
Raspberries, | frambuesas. | Pomegranates, | granadas.
Grapes, | uvas. | Oranges, | naranjas.
Fritters, | buñuelos. | Olives, | aceitunas.
A tart, | torta. | Mulberries, | moras.
Sugarplums, | confites. | Currants, | grosellas.

Degrees of Kindred.—Grados de parentesco.

The father, | el padre. | The mother-in-law, | la madre política, or la suegra.
The mother, | la madre. | The son-in-law, | el hijo político, or el yerno.
The grandfather, | el abuelo. | The daughter-in-law, | la hija política, or la nuera.
The grandmother, | la abuela. | The parents, | los padres, (el padre y la madre.)
The great-grandfather, | el bisabuelo. | The spouse, | el esposo, m.
The great- | la bisabuela. | The spouse, | la esposa, f.
grandmother, | | A consort, | un consorte.
The son, | el hijo. | Twin brothers, | mellizos, (cuátes, M.)
The daughter, | la hija. | Twin sisters, | mellizas, (cuátes, M.)
The grandson, | el nieto. | A godfather, | el padrino.
The granddaughter, | la nieta. | A godmother, | la madrina.
The brother, | el hermano. | A godson, | el ahijado.
The sister, | la hermana. | A goddaughter, | la ahijada.
The eldest son, | el primogénito. | A lying-in woman, | muger parida.
The second son, | el hijo segundo. | The nurse, | ama de criar, criandera,
The uncle, | el tio. | | (or chichigua, M.)
The aunt, | la tia. | A midwife, | la partera.
The nephew, | el sobrino. | A relation, | un pariente.
The niece, | la sobrina. | A female relation, | una parienta.
The nephew’s son, | el hijo del sobrino. | A friend, | un amigo.
The niece’s daughter, | la hija de la sobrina. | A female friend, | una amiga.
The cousin, | el primo. | An enemy, | un enemigo, m.
The female cousin, | la prima. | An enemy, | una enemiga, f.
The brother-in-law, | el hermano político, | A widower, | un viudo.
| or el cuñado. | A widow, | una viuda.
The sister-in-law, | la hermana política, | An heir, | un heredero.
| or la cuñada. | An heiress, | una heredera.
The father-in-law, | el padre político, | A marriage, | un casamiento.
| or el suegro. | A wedding, | unas bodas.
A pupil, | un pupilo, m. | A christening, | un bautismo.
A pupil, | una pupila, f. | |

Compadre, and comadre, are names that the sponsor and the parents of the godson or daughter give each other.

Of the Conditions of Man and Woman.—
De los estados del hombre y de la muger.

A man, | un hombre. | A girl, | una muchacha.
A woman, | una muger. | A maid, | una doncella.
An aged man, | un viejo. | A master, | el amo.
An aged woman, | una vieja. | A mistress, | el ama.
An old man, | hombre anciano. | A man-servant, | un criado.
An old woman, | muger anciana. | A female servant, | una criada.
A young man, | un jóven. | A citizen, | un ciudadano.
A young girl, | una moza. | A countryman, | un paisano, (un payo, M.)
A spark, dandy, | petimetre. | A stranger, | un extrangero.
A lady, | una señora. | A rogue, | un bribon.
A husband, | el marido. | A sharper, | un estafador.
A wife, | la muger. | A cheat, | un engañador.
An infant, | un infante. | A thief, | un ladron.
A boy, | un muchacho. | A pickpocket, | un ratero.

Of what is Necessary for Dressing one’s self.—
De lo que es menester para vestirse.

A suit of clothes, | un vestido. | The shoes, | los zapatos.
A hat, | un sombrero. | The slippers, | las chinelas.
A wig, | una peluca. | A shirt, | una camisa.
A cravat, | una corvata. | An under-waistcoat, | una almilla.
A coat, | casaca. | A vest, | un chaleco.
A close coat, | casaca á la francesa. | The sleeves, | las mangas.
Pantaloons, | pantalones. | The ruffles, | las vueltas.
Small-clothes, | los calzones. | A cap, | un gorro.
Stockings, | las medias. | A nightgown, | una bata.
Silk stockings, | medias de seda. | A fob, | el bolsillo.
Under-stockings, | calcetas. | The pocket, | la faltriquera.
Socks, | escarpines. | |

With Clothes one must have.—
Con los vestidos es menester tener.

| | A pocket- | un pañuelo, (un paño, or
Ribbons, | cinta de seda. | handkerchief, | pañite de polvos, M.)
Lace, | encaje. | Fringe, | franja.
Buttons, | botones. | Buckles, | las hebillas.
Button-holes, | ojales. | Garters, | ligas, (ataderos, M.)
Gloves, | guantes. | A ring, | anillo, (cintillo, M.)
Mittens, | mitones. | A comb, | peine.
A watch, | reloj de faltriquera. | A muff, | un manguito.

For those that Ride on Horseback.—
Para aquellos que andan á caballo.

A sword, | la espada.
A girdle, | el cinto.
The pistols, | las pistolas.
The bridle, | el freno.
The saddle, | la silla.
The stirrups, | los estribos.
The whip, | el látigo.
The boots, | las botas.
The spurs, | los espuelas.
The top of the boot, | la campana de la bota.
The rowel of the spur, | la estrella de la espuela.
The leg, | la pierna.
The heel, | el talon.
The sole, | la suela de la bota.

For the Ladies.—Para las Señoras.

A cap, | el tocado. | A cloak, | un capotillo.
A chemise, | una camisa. | A mantilla, | una mantilla.
An under-petticoat, | enaguas. | A pelisse, | un ropon de pieles.
The stays, | la cotilla. | A thimble, | el dedal.
An upper-petticoat, | un guardapiés. | A needle, | la aguja.
A morning-gown, | ropa de levantar. | Thread, | el hilo.
Stockings, | medias. | Linen, | el lienzo.
Garters, | ligas. | A pocket | el espejo de
The slippers, | las chinelas. | looking-glass, | faltriquera.
An apron, | el delantal. | A gown, | una bata, un camison,
A comb, | un peine. | | (túnico, M.)
A combing-cloth, | el peinador. | A necklace, | la gargantilla.
The toilet, | el tocador. | Jewels, | joyas.
A looking-glass, | el espejo. | Precious stones, | piedras preciosas.
Powder, | polvos. | A diamond, | un diamante.
Pomatum, | la pomada. | An emerald, | una esmeralda.
Sweet-waters, | aguas de olor. | A ruby, | un rubí.
Pins, | los alfileres. | A pearl, | una perla.
A pincushion, | el acerico. | Silk stockings, | medias de seda.
Scissors, | tijeras. | Cotton stockings, | medias de algodon.
A head-dress, | una cofia. | Shoes, | zapatos.
A bonnet, | un sombrerillo: | The curling-irons, | el encrespador.
| una gorra. | A parasol, | el quita sol.
A hat, | un sombrero. | A watch, | un reloj de faltriquera.
A veil, | un velo. | A pocket- | un pañuelo.
The curls, | los rizos. | handkerchief, |
A fan, | el abanico. | Rings, | los anillos.
A tippet, | una palatina. | Ear-rings, | los zarcillos,
A muff, | un manguito. | | (aretes, M.)
A smelling-bottle, | botellita de olor. | Bracelets, | los brazaletes.
An umbrella, | el paraguas. | Gloves, | los guantes.

Of the Parts of the Human Body.— De las partes del cuerpo humano.

The head, | la cabeza. | The belly, | la barriga.
The face, | la cara. | The ribs, | las costillas.
The forehead, | la frente. | The navel, | el ombligo.
The eyes, | los ojos. | The groins, | las ingles.
The eyebrows, | las cejas. | The thighs, | los muslos.
The eyelids, | los párpados. | The knees, | las rodillas.
The eyeball, | la niña del ojo. | The legs, | las piernas.
The ears, | las orejas. | The calf of the leg, | la pantorrilla.
The hair, | el pelo. | The ankle-bone, | hueso del tobillo.
The temples, | las sienes. | The instep, | la garganta
The hollow of the ear, | el hueco de la oreja. | | del pié.
The drum of the ear, | el tímpano del oído. | The foot, | el pié.
The eyelashes, | las pestañas. | The heel, | el talon.
The cheeks, | las mejillas. | The sole of the foot, | la planta del pié.
The nose, | la nariz. | The mien, | el semblante.
The nostrils, | las ventanas de | The complexion, | la complexion.
| la nariz. | The air, | el aire.
The mouth, | la boca. | The demeanor, | el porte.
The tongue, | la lengua. | The fatness, | la gordura.
The teeth, | los dientes. | The leanness, | la magrura.
The gums, | las encías. | The palate, | el paladar.
The eyeteeth, | los colmillos. | The whiskers, | las patillas.
The grinders, | las muelas. | The stature, | la estatura.
The lips, | los labios. | The gait, the step, | el paso.
The nails, | las uñas. | The gesture, | el gesto.
The chin, | la barba. | The brain, | el celebro.
The beard, | las barbas. | The blood, | la sangre.
The neck, | el cuello. | The veins, | las venas.
The throat, | la garganta. | The arteries, | las arterias.
The bosom, | el seno. | The nerves, | los nervios.
The breast, | el pecho. | The muscles, | los músculos.
The stomach, | el estomago. | The skin, | el cútis.
The shoulders, | los hombros. | The heart, | el corazon.
The arms, | los brazos. | The liver, | el hígado.
The elbow, | el codo. | The lungs, | los pulmones.
The wrist, | la muñeca. | The bladder, | la vejiga.
The hands, | las manos. | The gall, | la hiel.
The thumb, | el pulgar. | The spittle, | la saliva.
The forefinger, | el dedo índice. | The sweat, | el sudor.
The middle finger, | el dedo del corazon. | The rheum, | el resfriado.
The fourth finger, | el dedo anular. | A cough, | la toz.
The little finger, | el dedo meñique. | The breath, | la respiracion.
The brawn of the fingers, | la yema de los dedos. | The voice, | la voz.
The sides, | los costados. | A sigh, | un suspiro.
The speech, | la palabra. | |

The Five Senses.—
Los cinco sentidos.

The sight, | la vista.
The hearing, | el oido.
The smell, | el olfato.
The taste, | el gusto.
The feeling, | el tacto.

Of Ages.—De las edades.

Childhood, | la niñez.
Infancy, | infancia.
Boyishness, | puericia.
Adolescence, | adolescencia.
Youth, | la juventud.
Manhood, | la virilidad.
Old age, | la senectud.
Old age, | la vejez.

Qualities of the Body.—
Calidades del cuerpo.

Health, | la salud.
Strength, | la fuerza.
Weakness, | la debilidad.
Beauty, | la hermosura.
Ugliness, | la fealdad.
Good presence, | el garbo.
Sprightliness, | el brío.
Fine stature, | hermoso tallo.

Defects of the Human Body.— Defectos del cuerpo humano.

Ugliness, | la fealdad. | Leanness, | la flacura.
Wrinkles, | las arrugas. | Lame, | el cojo.
Freckles, | las pecas. | Lameness, | la cojera.
Blear eyes, | las lagañas. | The stammerer, | el tartamudo.
A wart, | una verruga. | Crookedness, | la corcova.
A mole, | un lunar. | Bald, | el calvo.
A pearl in | la nube en | Flat-nosed, | el romo.
the eye, | el ojo. | Crippled, | el estropeado.
Tickling, | las cosquillas. | Lame of the limbs, | el tullido.
Cataract, | la catarata. | Squinting, | el bizco.
Blindness, | la ceguedád. | Lame of a hand, | el manco.
Blind, | el ciego. | Deaf, | el sordo.
One-eyed, | el tuerto. | Left-handed, | el zurdo.
Dumb, | el mudo. | |

For Studying.—Para estudiar.

A book, | un libro. | A letter, | una carta.
The paper, | el papel. | A note, | una esquela.
A leaf, | un pliego de papel. | The writing, | la escritura.
A page, | una página. | The pocketbook, | librito de
The cover of | la cubierta | | memorias.
a book, | del libro. | Parchment, | pergamino.
A pen, | una pluma. | The pencil, | el lápiz.
The ink, | la tinta. | A lesson, | una leccion.
The inkstand, | el tintero. | A translation, | una traduccion.
A penknife, | el cortaplumas. | A writing-desk, | una escribanía.
The sealing-wax, | el lacre. | A seal, | el sello.

Instruments of Music.— Instrumentos de música.

A violin, | un violin. | A piano, | un piano.
A bass-viol, | violon. | A harpsichord, | un clavicordio.
A flute, | una flauta. | A lute, | laud.
A flageolet, | un caramillo. | A harp, | una harpa.
A bagpipe, | una gaita. | An organ, | un órgano.
A hautboy, | un oboe. | A trumpet, | una trompeta.
A guitar, | una guitarra. | A drum, | un tambor.

Of the Parts of a House.— De las partes de una casa.

The house, | la casa. | The roof, | el tejado.
The door, | la puerta. | The tiles, | las tejas.
The drawing-room, | la sala. | The gutters, | las goteras.
The staircase, | la escalera. | The chimney, | la chimenéa.
The stairs, | los escalones. | The bricks, | los ladrillos.
The chamber, | la cámara. | The floor, | el suelo.
The antechamber, | la antecámara. | The coach-house, | la cochera.
The study, | el estudio. | The oven, | el horno.
The windows, | las ventanas. | The beams, | las vigas.
The glasses, | los vidrios. | The joists, | las viguetas.
The kitchen, | la cocina. | The planks, | los tablones.
The yard, | el patio. | The sign, | la señal, or
The well, | el pozo. | | la tablilla.
The stable, | la caballeriza. | The plastering, | el yeso.
The cellar, | la bodega. | The lime, | la cal.
The garden, | el huerto. | The marble, | el marmol.
The gate, | el porton. | The stones, | las piedras.
The fountain, | la fuente. | The pigeon-house, | el palomar.
The pantry, | la dispensa. | The hen-house, | el gallinero.
The first story, | el primer alto. | The poultry-yard, | corral de aves.
The second story, | el segundo alto. | The hogsty, | la zahurda.
The garret, | el zaquizamí. | The walls, | las paredes.
The terrace, | la azotea. | The house-rent, | el alquiler de casa.

The Furniture of a House.—
Muebles de una casa.

The hangings, | la tapicería. | The head-curtains, | las cortinitas.
The looking-glass, | el espejo. | The curtain-rods, | las varillas.
The bed, | la cama. | The warming-pan, | calentador de cama.
The sheets, | las sábanas. | The pictures, | las pinturas.
The mattress, | el colchon. | The frame, | el cuadro.
The feather-bed, | colchon de plumas, | The chairs, | las sillas.
| or el plumon. | An arm-chair, | silla de brazos.
The bolster, | la almohada. | The table, | la mesa.
The pillows, | las almohadas. | The carpet, | la alfombra.
The tester of the bed, | el cielo de la cama. | A cupboard, | bufete.
The curtains, | las cortinas. | A screen, | el biómbo.
The counterpane, | la colcha. | A figure, | una figura.
A box, | una caja. | A pedestal, | una pedestal.
A trunk, | un cofre, or baul. | A vessel, | una vasíja.
A little trunk, | cofrecito. | A cage, | una jaula.
Embroidery, | el bordado. | A bird, | un pájaro.
The painting, | la pintura. | A portrait, | un retrato.
The carving, | la escultura. | The gilding, | el dorado.

What is found about the Chimney.—
Lo que se halla cerca de la chimenea.

The chinaware, | la porcelana. | The shovel, | el badil.
An urn, | una vasija. | The tongs, | las tenazas.
A vase, | un vaso. | The poker, | el atizador.
The fire, | la candela, el fuego, | A hand-screen, | el biombito.
| la lumbre. | The flame, | la llama.
Coal, | carbon de piedra. | The smoke, | el humo.
Charcoal, | carbon. | The soot, | el hollin.
The ashes, | las cenízas. | The matches, | las pajuelas.
The hearth, | el hogar. | The steel, | el eslabon.
A firebrand, | un tizon. | The flint, | el pedernal,
A pair of bellows, | los fuelles. | | (la piedra, M.)
The fender, | el guarda fuego. | The tinder, | la yesca.
A standing screen, | el biombo. | |

What is found in the Kitchen.—
Lo que se halla en la cocina.

The spit, | el asador. | A ladle, | un cucharon.
The jack, | el torno del asador. | A chafingdish, | el escalfador.
A kettle, | una caldera, | A hook, | un garabato.
| (un cazo, M.) | The pot-hanger, | las lláres.
A frying-pan, | la sarten. | A grater, | el rallo.
A trivet, | el or la trípode. | A pudding-pan, | la tortera.
A gridiron, | las parrillas. | A mortar, | el mortero, or
A pitcher, | un cántaro. | | almirez.
A pail, | un cubo. | A pestle, | la mano del mortero.
A rope, | una cuerda. | The sink, | el sumidero.
A pulley, | una polea. | A broom, | la escoba.
An earthen pan, | una cazuela. | A rag, | un trapo.
A great pot, | una marmita. | A dishclout, | una rodilla.
A pot, | una olla. | A saucepan, | la cacerola.
A spoon, | una cuchara. | A little pan, | un cacito.
A skimmer, | la espumadera. | Plate, | el plato.
A strainer, | la coladera. | Knife, | el cuchillo.
An oil-pot, | la alcuza. | Washstand, | (aguamanil, M.)
A vial, | una redoma. | Fork, | el tenedor.
A tub, | un barreño, una cuba. | Saltcellar, | el salero.
Ley, or lie, | la lejia. | A porringer, | la escudilla.
Soap, | el jabon. | Dishes, | los platos.
A coarse cloth, | un trapo. | Spoon, | la cuchara.
The flour, | la harina. | A chopping-block, | el tajo.
The bran, | el salvado. | A mug, | el jarro.
A tray, | la artesa. | A cup, | una taza.
A tablecloth, | los manteles. | A basin, | una palangana.
Napkin, | la servilleta. | The peel of | la pala
A basin, | la jofayna, | the oven, | del horno.
| (palangana, M.) | Some wood, | leña.
A towel, | la toalla. | |

What we find in the Cellar.—
Lo que hallamos en la bodega.

A butt, | una bota. | Some hoops, | algunos aros.
A barrel, | un barril. | The dregs, | la hez.
A stand for | el sitio de | Wine, | el vino.
a butt, | la bota. | Old wine, | vino añejo.
A funnel, | el embudo. | New wine, | vino nuevo.
Red wine, | vino tinto. | Cider, | sidra.
White wine, | vino blanco. | Vinegar, | vinagre.
Claret, | vino clarete. | A hammer, | el martillo.
Sour wine, | vino agrio. | A lantern, | la linterna.
Sweet wine, | vino dulce. | To tap a | decentar
Beer, | cerveza. | barrel, | un baril.
Small-beer, | cerveza floja. | To draw wine, | sacar vino.

The Servants of a House.— Los criados de una casa.

The steward, | el mayordomo. | The cook, | el cocinero.
An almoner, | el limosnero. | A woman cook, | la cocinera.
A chaplain, | el capellan. | The scullion, | el galopin.
The secretary, | el secretario. | The maid-servant, | la criáda.
The purveyor, | el despensero. | The chambermaid, | doncella de la señora,
The chamberlain, | el camarero. | | (la recamarera, M.)
A page, | el page. | The waiting-woman, | doncella de cámara,
A footman, | el lacayo. | | or la criada.
A coachman, | el cochero. | The carver, | el trinchante.
A groom, | el mozo de | The gardener, | el jardinero.
| caballos. | The porter, | el portero.
The master of | el caballerizo. | The master of | el amo de
the horses, | | the house, | la casa.
The cupbearer, | el copero. | The mistress, | el ama.
A falconer, | el halconero. | A butler, | el bodeguero.

What is found about the Door.—
Lo que se halla cerca de la puerta.

The key, | la llave.
The lock, | la cerradura.
The latch, | el picaporte.
The bolt, | el cerrojo.
The bell, | la campanilla.
The knocker, | el aldabon.
The wards of | las guardas de
a lock, | la cerradura.
The bar, | la tranca.
The threshold, | el umbral.
The hinges, | los goznes.

What is found in the Stable.—
Lo que se halla en la caballeriza.

The hay, | el heno. | A saddle, | la silla.
Some oats, | la avena, | The breastplate, | el pretal.
| (cebada, M.) | The girths, | las cinchas.
Some straw, | la paja. | The fetlocks, | las cernejas.
A rack, | el enrejado. | Some nails, | algunos clavos.
A manger, | el pesebre. | The saddle-bow, | el arzon.
The bran, | el salvado. | A halter, | el cabestro.
The comb, | el peine. | The groom, | el establero.
The currycomb, | la almohaza. | The horses, | los caballos.
A sieve, | el tamiz. | A cart, | un carro.
A bridle, | el freno. | |

What is found in the Garden; Flowers, Trees &c.
Lo que se halla en el jardín; flores, árboles, &a.

A row of trees, | hilera de árboles. | Tulips, | tulipanes.
An arbor, | el emparrado. | Lilies, | lírios.
A rose, | una rosa. | Violets, | violetas.
A jessamine, | un jazmin. | Gilliflowers, | alhelíes.
Pinks, | claveles. | Jonquils, | junquillos.
An apple-tree, | manzano. | Poppies, | amapolas.
An orange-tree, | naranjo. | A peach-tree, | un alberchigo.
The gooseberry-bush, | el espino. | A fig-tree, | una higuera.
A rose-bush, | el rosal. | An olive-tree, | un olivo.
The vine, | la vid. | The box-tree, | el box.
The ivy, | la yedra. | A laurel-tree, | el laurel.
A branch, | un ramo. | A fir-tree, | el abeto.
An almond-tree, | el almendro. | An oak, | el roble.
An alley, | calle de árboles. | The elm, | el olmo.
A little wood, | un bosquecito. | The beech-tree, | la haya.
The shade, | la sombra. | The nursery, | el plantel.
The cool, | el fresco. | The fountain, | la fuente.
A pear-tree, | un peral. | The pond, | el estanque.
A cherry-tree, | un cerezo. | A bush, | un arbusto.
A plum-tree, | un ciruelo. | A myrtle-tree, | el mirto.
An apricot-tree, | un albaricoque. | Sweet marjoram, | la mejorana.
A mulberry-tree, | un moral. | Thyme, | el tomillo.
Verdure, | la verdura. | A nosegay, | un ramillete.

Temporal Dignities.—Dignidades temporales.

The chancellor, | el chanciller. | The justice of | el alcalde
The keeper of the seals, | el guarda sellos. | the ward, | de barrio.
The secretary | el secretario | The advocate, | el abogado.
of state, | de estado. | The attorney- | el procurador
The surveyor, | el superinten- | general, | general.
| dente. | An attorney, | un procurador.
The treasurer, | el tesorero. | A deputy, | un diputado.
The president, | el presidente. | A notary, | un escribano.
The counsellor, | el consejero. | A secretary, | un secretario.
The judge, | el juez. | A solicitor, | un agente.
The consul, | el cónsul. | A clerk, | un escribiente.
The auditor, | el contador mayor. | A writer, | un escritor.
The alderman, | el regidor. | The doorkeeper, | el portero.
The civil magistrate, | el magistrado civil. | The constable, | el alguacil.
The mayor, | el corregidor. | A jailer, | el carcelero.
A bumbailiff, | el corchete. | A prisoner, | un preso.

Officers of War.—Oficiales de guerra.

The general, | el general. | A commissary, | el comisario.
The admiral, | el almirante. | A harbinger, | el aposentador.
The lieutenant-general, | el teniente general. | A horseman, | soldado de á caballo.
A field-marshal, | el mariscal de campo. | The infantry, | la infanteria.
A brigadier, | el brigadier. | A dragoon, | un dragon.
The colonel, | el coronel. | A musketeer, | un mosquetero.
The major, | el sargento mayor. | A trumpeter, | el trompetero.
The adjutant, | el ayudante mayor. | A drummer, | un tambor.
The captain, | el capitan. | The fifer, | el pífano.
The lieutenant, | el teniente. | The sentinel, | la centinela.
The cornet, | el corneta. | The round, | la ronda.
The ensign, | el alférez. | The patrole, | la patrulla.
The sergeant, | el sargento. | A spy, | una espia.
The corporal, | el cabo de escuadra. | A pioneer, | un gastador.
A quartermaster, | el cuartel maestre. | A cannonier, | el artillero.
A miner, | un minador. | A volunteer, | un voluntario.
| | The volunteers, | los voluntarios.

Of the Army.—Del ejército.

A land army, | un ejército. | A squadron, | un esquadron.
A fleet, | una armada. | The first rank, | la primera fila.
A batalion, | un batallon. | The second rank, | la segunda fila.
The main body, | el cuerpo del ejército. | The baggage, | el bagage.
The vanguard, | la vanguardia. | The artillery, | la artilleria.
The rearguard, | la retaguardia. | The tents, | las tiendas.
The body of reserve, | el cuerpo de reserva. | The pavilion, | el pabellon.
A flying camp, | el campo volante. | A regiment, | un regimiento.
The horse, | la caballeria. | A company, | una compañia.
The foot, | la infanteria. | A garrison, | la guarnicion.

Of the Fortifications.—De las fortificaciones.

A city, | una ciudad. | A fort, | un fuerte.
The citadel, | una ciudadela. | A fortress, | una fortaleza.
A castle, | un castillo. | A tower, | una torre.
The walls, | las murallas. | A parapet, | el parapeto.
The ditch, | el foso. | A bastion, | un bastion.
A palisade, | la palizada. | Provisions, | los víveres.
The curtain, | la cortina. | Ammunition, | las municiones.
The half moon, | la media luna. | A siege, | el sitio.
The covered way, | camino cubierto. | The capitulations, | las capitulaciones.
A redoubt, | un reducto. | Succors, | un socorro.
The trenches, | las trincheras. | A sally, | una salida.
A mine, | una mina. | A storm, | un asalto.
A counter-mine, | una contra mina. | |

Professions and Trades.— De las profesiones y oficios.

A physician, | un médico. | A barber, | un barbero.
A surgeon, | un cirujano. | A joiner, | un ensamblador,
An apothecary, | un boticario. | | carpintero de obra prima.
An engraver, | un grabador. | A carpenter, | un carpintero.
A goldsmith, | un platero. | A mason, | un albañil.
A watchmaker, | un relojero. | A locksmith, | un cerragero.
A merchant, | un mercader. | A blacksmith, | un herrero.
A mercer, | mercader de sedas. | A miller, | un molinero.
A haberdasher, | tendero de cintas. | A glover, | un guantero.
An embroiderer, | un bordador. | A washerwoman, | una lavandera.
An upholsterer, | un tapicero. | A glazier, | un vidriero.
A pawnbroker, | un prendero. | A farrier, | un herrador.
A pastrycook, | un pastelero. | A player, | un comediante.
A butcher, | un carnicero. | A musician, | un músico.
An innkeeper, | un mesonero. | A painter, | un pintor.
A hatter, | un sombrerero. | A wine-merchant, | mercader de
A tailor, | un sastre. | | vino.
A shoemaker, | un zapatero. | A sword cutler, | un espadero.
A printer, | un impresor. | A bookbinder, | un encuadernador.
A bookseller, | un librero. | A milliner, | una modista.
Grocer, | un tendero, especiero. | A mantuamaker, | una batera.
A baker, | un panadero. | An interpreter, | un interprete.
A cobler, | un remendon. | A master, | un maestro.
A sadler, | un sillero. | |

Qualities, Defects, and Imperfections of a Man.

Calidades, defectos, é imperfeciones de un hombre.

A one-eyed man, | un tuerto. | A stammerer, | un tartamudo.
A blind man, | un ciego. | A bald man, | un calvo.
A cripple, | un estropeado. | A dwarf, | un enano.
A cripple, | | A thief, | un ladron.
(one who limps,) | un cojo. | A rascal, | un bribon, belitre.
Squinteyed, | bizco, or bisojo. | A pickpocket, | un ratero.
A hunchbacked man, | un jorobado. | A rogue, | un pícaro.
A left-handed man, | un zurdo. | A magician, | un mágico.
A one-handed man, | un manco. | A sorcerer, | un hechicero.
A deaf man, | un sordo. | A witch, | una bruja.
A dumb man, | un mudo. | A wicked fellow, | un malvado.
| | A poor fellow, | un pobrete.

Good Qualities of a Man, and the Diseases to which he is subject.

Buenas calidádes del hombre, y las enfermedádes á las cuales está expuesto.

A good-looking man, | hombre de | The rheum, | la reuma.
| buena presencia. | The cough, | la toz.
A bad-looking man, | hombre de | A cold in the head, | una fluxion,
| mala catadura. | | un catarro.
A rich man, | hombre rico. | The hooping-cough, | toz
A misfortune, | desgracia. | | convulsiva.
A person ill, | un enfermo. | The itch, | la sarna.
An illness, | una enfermedád. | The itching, | la comezon.
A fever, | una calentura. | A tumor, | un tumor.
A quotidian ague, | calentura | The corruption, | la corrupcion.
| cuotidiana. | The stone, | la piedra.
A tertian ague, | las tercianas. | The gravel, | las arenillas.
A quartan ague, | las cuartanas. | A bunch, | un bulto.
The cold fit, | el parasismo | A scratch, | un araño.
| de frio. | A slap on the face, | una bofetada.
A wound, | una herida. | A cuff, | un puñetazo.
A contusion, | una contusion. | A kick, | un puntapié.
The gout, | la gota. | A pistol-shot, | un tiro de pistola,
The colic, | un dolor cólico. | | pistoletazo.
The smallpox, | las viruélas. | A thrust with | una estocada.
The measles, | el sarampion. | a sword, |
A fall, | una caida. | A cold sweat, | el sudor frio.
Swooning, | el desmayo. | Death, | la muerte.

Of Birds.—De las aves.

An eagle, | una águila. | A chaffinch, | un pinzon.
A bird, | una ave. | A sparrow, | un gorrion.
A little bird, | un pajarito. | A parrot, | un papagayo.
A goldfinch, | un jilguero. | A blackbird, | un mirlo.
A linnet, | un pardillo. | A magpie, | una urraca.
A Canary-bird, | un Canario. | A jay, | un grajo.
A nightingale, | el ruiseñor. | A pigeon, | un pichon.
A lark, | una alondra. | A dove, | una paloma.
A green-bird, | un verderon. | A rook, | una corneja.
A thrush, | un tordo. | A wagtail, | el aguzanieve.
A godwit, | un francolin. | A plover, | el reyezuelo.
A partridge, | una perdiz. | An ortolan, | un ortolano.
A redbreast, | un pitirojo. | A swallow, | una golondrina.
A quail, | una codorniz. | A cuckoo, | un cuclillo.
A starling, | un estornino. | |

Amphibious Creatures.—Animales anfibios.

A beaver, | un castor.
An otter, | una nutria.
A sea-horse, | un hipopótamo.
A tortoise, | una tortuga.
A land-tortoise, | un galápago.
A sea-calf, | una foca.

Of Four-footed Animals.—De los cuadrúpedos.

A dog, | un perro. | A wolf, | un lobo.
A little dog, | un perrito. | A bull, | un toro.
A cat, | un gato. | A mule, | un mulo.
A civet-cat, | gato de algalia. | A camel, | un camello.
A rat, | una rata. | A she-goat, | una cabra.
A mouse, | un raton. | An elephant, | un elefante.
An ape, | un mono. | A lion, | un leon.
A sheep, | una oveja. | A leopard, | un leopardo.
A hog, | un puerco. | A tiger, | un tigre.
A sow, | una puerca. | A horse, | un caballo.
A cow, | una vaca. | A mare, | una yegua.
A fox, | una zorra. | An ox, | un buey.
A rabbit, | un conejo. | An ass, | un burro.

Of Reptiles and Insects.—De los réptiles é insectos.

A toad, | un sapo. | A gnat, | un mosquito.
A frog, | una rana. | A caterpillar, | una oruga.
A lizard, | un lagarto. | A worm, | un gusano.
A snail, | un caracol. | A louse, | un piojo.
A beetle, | un escarabajo. | A flea, | una pulga.
A scorpion, | un escorpion. | A bug, | una chinche.
A spider, | una araña. | A nit, | una liendre.
A serpent, | una serpiente. | An ant, | una hormiga.
A butterfly, | una mariposa. | A crocodile, | una cocodrilo.
A fly, | una mosca. | An asp, | un áspia.

What is seen in the Country.—Lo que se ve en el campo.

The road, | el camino. | An orchard, | un huerto.
The highway, | camino real. | An alley, | calle de árboles.
A plain, | un llano. | A castle, | un castillo.
A valley, | un valle. | A steeple, | un campanario.
A mountain, | una montaña. | A meadow, | una pradería.
A little hill, | una colina. | A lake, | un lago.
A wood, | un bosque. | A pond, | estanque de agua.
A forest, | una selva. | A rock, | una roca.
A hedge, | un seto. | A ditch, | una zanja.
A bush, | un arbusto. | A rivulet, | un arroyo.
A tree, | un árbol. | A river, | un rio.
A branch, | un ramo. | A bridge, | un puente.
The corn, | el grano. | A bark, | un barco.
The wheat, | el trigo. | A marsh, | un pantano.
Barley, | la cebada. | A slough, | un cenagal.
The oats, | la avena. | A village, | una aldéa.
The vine, | la vid. | A fortified town, | una plaza.
A garden, | un jardin. | A hut, | una choza,
| | | (jacal, M.)

What we see in a City.—Lo que vémos en una ciudad.

The gates, | las puertas. | The place of arms, | plaza de
The church, | la iglesia. | | armas.
A palace, | un palacio. | The town-house, | casa de
A house, | una casa. | | ayuntamiento.
An hospital, | un hospital. | The post-office, | la casa del
The custom-house, | la aduana. | | correo.
The exchange, | la lonja. | A banking-house, | el banco.
A street, | una calle. | A shop, | una tienda.
The fair, | la feria. | A prison, | la cárcel.
The market, | la plaza. | A lane, | callejuela.
A fountain, | una fuente. | An inn, | una posada.
The bridge, | el puente. | |

Of Colors.—De los colores.

White, | el blanco. | Purple, | el morado.
Black, | el negro. | Olive color, | aceitunado.
Red, | el rojo. | Brick color, | color de ladrillo.
Green, | el verde. | Straw color, | pajizo.
Yellow, | el amarillo. | Crimson, | carmesí.
Blue, | el azul. | Brown dark color, | bruno.
Gray, | el pardo. | Orange color, | naranjado.
Violet color, | violado. | Dove color, | columbino.
Fire color, | color de fuego. | Ash color, | ceniciento.
Cherry color, | color de cereza. | |

Of Metals.—De los metales.

Gold, | el oro. | Pewter, | el peltre.
Silver, | la plata. | Tin, | el estaño.
Steel, | el acero. | Quicksilver, | el azogue.
Iron, | el hierro, | Loadstone, | piedra imán.
| or fierro. | |
Lead, | el plomo. | Brimstone, | el azufre.
Copper, | el cobre. | Cast steel, | acero fundido.
Brass, | el bronce. | Verdigris, | el cardenillo.
Zinc, | zinc. | Glass, | el vidrio.

Commercial Terms.—Voces mercantiles.

An engrosser, | un abarcador. | Creditor, | acreedor.
To credit, | abonar. | Custom-house, | aduana.
The carriage, | el porte. | A bargain, | ajuste.
Packthread, | hilo acarreto. | A settlement, | ajuste de cuentas.
To accept a bill, | aceptar una letra. | Carried over, | á la vuelta.
Stock, | accion. | A warehouse, | un almacen.
Mortgagee, | hipotecario. | Sale by auction,. | almoneda
Mortgager, | el que dá la hipóteca. | To hire, to let out, | alquilar.
Goods, | bienes, géneros, | Exchange, | cambio.
Property, | propiedad. | Discount for | descuento por dinero
To insure, | asegurar. | ready money, | de contado.
Ready money, | dinero de contado. | Disbursement, | desembolso.
Goods which I have, | bienes habidos, | Town’s duties, | derechos municipales.
or may have, | y por haber. | A duplicate, | un duplicado.
Consumption, | consumo. | A shop-book, | libro de tienda.
Stock, | caudal. | The waste-book, | el borrador.
Fund, | fondo. | A small note-book, | el borradorcillo.
Cashier, | cajero. | A journal, | el diario.
Clerk, | cajero, (M.) | A ledger, | libro mayor.
Cash, | caja. | A letter-book, | copiador de cartas.
Cash-book, | libro de caja. | A wholesale dealer, | comerciante por mayor.
A certificate, | un certificádo. | Nonpayment, | falta de pago.
The receiver, | el cobrador. | A promissory note, | un pagaré.
Wharfage, &c., | derechos de muelle. | For the cost | para costo
A partner, | un compañero. | of losses, | de pérdidas.
Company, | compañia. | Gross weight, | peso bruto.
Partnership, | compañia. | Neat weight, | peso neto.
A commission, | una comision. | Policy of insurance, | póliza de seguros.
Cent, or per 100, | ciento. | To come to anchor, | surgir.
Two or three | dos ó tres | Tare or trett, | tara.
per cent, | por ciento. | A set rate, | la tara.
A purchase, | una compra. | Cooperage, | tonelería.
A purchaser, | un comprador. | To deal, | tratar.
A bill of lading, | un conocimiento. | Business, | negocio.
A bill, | una cuenta. | Seller, | vendedor.
To cast up a bill, | sumar una cuenta. | Sale, | venta.
To call to an account, | pedir cuenta. | A cable, | la amarra, el cable.
To pay a part of | pagar a cuenta. | The sounding-lead, | la sonda.
an account, | | A pilot, | un piloto.
Consignment, | consignacion. | The boatswain, | el contramaestre.
Duty of importation, | derechos de entrada. | A sailor, | un marinero.
Duty of exportation, | derechos de salida. | A passenger, | un pasajero.
To unlade, | descargar. | A cabin, | camarote.
A tempest, | una tormenta. | The great cabin, | la camara.
A storm, | una borrasca. | The calm, | calma.
Fair weather, | bonanza. | Cabin-boy, | page de escoba.

A COLLECTION OF VERBS.—COLECCION DE VERBOS.

For studying.—Para estudiar.
To study, | estudiar. | To blot out, | borrar.
To learn, | aprender. | To translate, | traducir.
To learn by | aprender de | To begin, | empezar.
heart, | memoria. | To go on, | continuar.
To read, | leer. | To end, | acabar.
To write, | escribir. | To repeat, | repetir.
To mark, | señalar. | To do, | hacer.
To fold up, | doblar. | To know, | saber.
To seal, | sellar. | To be able, | poder.
To put the | sobrescribir. | To be willing, | querer.
direction, | | to wish, |
To correct, | corregir. | To remember, | acordarse.
| | To forget, | olvidar.

To speak.—Para hablar.

To pronounce, | pronunciar. | To open the | abrir la
To accent, | acentuar. | mouth, | boca.
To utter, | proferir. | To shut the | cerrar la
To say, | decir. | mouth, | boca.
To prattle, | charlar. | To be silent, | callar.
To speak, | hablar. | To call, | llamar.
To cry out, | exclamar. | To answer, | responder.

To eat and drink.—Para beber y comer.

To chew, | mascar. | To breakfast, | almorzar.
To swallow, | tragar. | To dine, | comer.
To cut, | cortar. | To drink tea, | tomar té.
To taste, | gustar. | To sup, | cenar.
To rinse, | limpiar. | To fill one’s | saciarse.
To drink, | beber. | self, |
To eat, | comer. | To be hungry, | tener hambre.
To fast, | ayunar. | To be thirsty, | tener sed.

To go to sleep.—Para ir á dormir.

To get | meterse en | To dream, | soñar.
into bed, | la cama. | To snore, | roncar.
To sleep, | dormir. | To wake, | despertar.
To watch, | velar. | To rise, | levantarse.
To rest, | descansar. | To pray God, | rogar á Dios.
To fall asleep, | adormecerse. | |

To dress one’s self.—_Vestirse_.

To dress one’s self, | _vestirse_. | To dress one’s head, | _rizarse el pelo_,
To undress one’s self, | desnudarse. | | componerse la cabeza.
To put on one’s shoes | ponerse los zapatos, calzarse. | To put on one’s hat, | ponerse el sombrero.
To pull off one’s shoes, | quitarse los zapatos. | To be covered, | estar cubierto.
To comb one’s head, | peinarse. | To button one’s self, | abotonarse.
To shave one’s self, | afeitarse. | |
To put on one’s stockings, | ponerse las medias. | |

Ordinary Actions of Men.—Acciones ordinarias de los hombres..

To laugh, | reir. | To spit, | escupir.
To weep, | llorar. | To bleed at the nose, | echar sangre por
To sigh, | suspirar. | | las narices.
To sneeze, | estornudar. | To sweat, | sudar.
To yawn, | bostezar. | To clean, | limpiar.
To blow, | soplar. | To tremble, | temblar.
To blow one’s nose, | sonarse las | To swell, | hinchar.
| narices. | To cough, | toser.
To whistle, | silbar. | To look, | mirar.
To hear, | oir. | To see, | ver.
To smell, | oler. | To pinch, | pellizcar.
| | To scratch, | rascar.

Actions of Love and Hatred.—Acciones de amor y de odio.

To love, | amar, or querer. | To flatter, | lisonjear.
To caress, | alhagar. | To embrace, | abrazar.
To show a kindness, | mostrar | To kiss, | besar.
| benevolencia. | To salute, | saludar.
To teach, | enseñar. | To beat, | apalear.
To nourish, | nutrir. | To hate, | detestar.
To correct, | corregir. | To drive, | impeler.
To punish, | mortificar. | To pardon, | perdonar.
To chastise, | castigar. | To dispute, | disputar.
To whip, | azotar. | To argue, | argüir.
To praise, | alabar. | To plead, | alegar.
To blame, | culpar. | To protect, | proteger.
To give, | dar. | To forsake, | abandonar.
To deny, | negar. | To curse, | maldecir.
To forbid, | prohibir. | To bless, | bendecir.
To use ill, | maltratar. | |

For Amusements.—Para las diversiones.

To sing, | cantar. | To leap, | saltar.
To dance, | bailar. | To win, | ganar.
To play, | jugar. | To lose, | perder.
To play on | tocar la | To ride, | cabalgar.
the guitar, | guitarra. | To lay a wager, | apostar.
To play on | tocar la | To venture, | aventurar.
the flute, | flauta. | To be quits, | estar en paz.
To fence, | esgrimir. | To lay out, | descartar.
To play at | jugar al | To shuffle, | barajar los naipes.
mall, | mallo. | To cut, | alzar los naipes.
To play at | jugar á la | To divert | entretenerse.
tennis, | pelota. | one’s self, |
To play at | jugar á los | To joke, | chancear.
cards, | naipes. | To laugh at | reirse de
To play at | jugar á los | one, | uno.
piquet, | cientos. | To make one | hacer reir
To play at | jugar al | laugh, | á uno.
ombre, | hombre. | To stand up, | estar en pié.
To play at | jugar á la | To stoop | inclinarse.
basset, | baceta. | downwards, |
To play at | jugar al | To turn, | voltear.
chess, | ajedrez. | To stop, | parar.

For Illnesses.—Para las enfermedádes.

To feel the | tomar el | To give a | dar una
pulse, | pulso. | medicine, | medicina.
To take | tomar una | To bind up | vendar una
medicine, | medicina. | a wound, | herida.
To be sick, | estar enfermo. | To probe, | tentar.
To grow worse, | ponerse peor. | To grow better, | mejorarse.
To purge, | purgar. | To cut, | cortar.
To let blood, | sangrar. | To cure, | sanar.
To make an | hacer una | To recover, | recobrarse.
incision, | incision. | |

For Buying.—Para comprar.

To ask the | pedir el | To exact, | exigir.
price, | precio. | To sell dear, | vender caro.
How much is | ¿cuanto | To sell cheap, | vender barato.
this worth? | vale eso? | To lend, | prestar.
What does it | ¿que cuesta? | To borrow, | pedir prestado.
cost? | | To pawn, | empeñar.
To haggle, | regatear. | To take out | desempeñar.
To measure, | medir. | of pawn, |
To buy, | comprar. | To give, | dar.
To pay, | pagar. | To cheat, | engañar.
To bid, | ofrecer. | |
to offer, | | |

For the Church.—Para la iglesia.

To go to church, | ir á la | To baptize, | bautizar.
| iglesia. | To confirm, | confirmar.
To pray God, | rogar á Dios. | To ring the | repicar las
To hear the | oir el | bells, | campanas.
sermon, | sermon. | To bury, | sepultar.
To preach, | predicar. | To sing, | cantar.
To receive the | comulgar. | To inter, | enterrar.
sacrament, | | To kneel, | arrodillarse.
To adore, | adorar. | To rise, | levantarse.

Actions and Motions of Men.—Acciones y movimientos de los hombres.

To go, | andar, or ir. | To walk, | pasear.
To stay, | quedar. | To run, | correr.
To dwell, | habitar. | To follow, | seguir.
To come, | venir. | To escape, | escapar.
To depart, | partir. | To go to meet, | ir á recibir.
To advance, | adelantar. | To come in, | entrar.
To stand back, | estar detras. | To go out, | irse, or salir.
To be distant, | estar léjos. | To go up, | subir.
To come near, | acercarse. | To go down, | bajar.
To return, | volver. | To stand idle, | estar ociso.
To fall down, | caerse abajo. | To sit down, | sentarse.
To slide, | resbalarse. | To walk, | pasear.
To hurt one’s self, | hacerse daño. | To go a-walking, | ir á pasear.
To arrive, | arribar, llegar. | To be in haste, | estar de priesa.

Manual Actions.—Acciones manuales.

To work, | trabajar. | To squeeze, | comprimir.
To touch or feel, | tocar. | To hold, or to have, | tener.
to play on, | | To break, | romper.
To handle, | palpar. | To hide, | esconder.
To tie, | atar, anudar. | To cover, | cubrir.
To untie, | desatar. | To discover, | descubrir.
To let loose, | soltar. | To dirty, | emporcar.
To take away, | llevar. | To clean, | limpiar.
To take, | tomar. | To rub, | frotar.
To steal away, | hurtar. | To feel, | sentir.
To gather, | coger. | To point out, | mostrar.
To tear off, | despedazar. | To pinch, | pellizcar.
To present, | presentar. | To scratch, | arañar.
To receive, | recibir. | |

Actions of Memory and Imagination.—Acciones de la memoria y de la imaginacion.

To remember, | acordarse. | To fear, | temer.
To forget, | olvidar. | To assure, | asegurar.
To think, | pensar. | To adjudge, | adjudicar.
To believe, | creer. | To conclude, | concluir.
To doubt, | dudar. | To resolve, | resolver.
To suspect, | sospechar. | To feign, | fingir.
To observe, | observar. | To be conceited, | estar pagado de si,
To take care, | tener cuidado. | | ser presumido.
To know, | saber. | To be obstinate, | estar obstinado,
To imagine, | imaginar. | | obstinarse.
To wish, | desear. | To fly into a passion, | arder en colera,
To hope, | esperar. | | encolerisarse.
To be appeased, | aplacarse. | To mistake, | errar.
To embroil one’s self, | embrollarse. | To be certain, | estar cierto.
| | To be jealous, | estar zeloso.

For Arts and Trades.—Para las artes y oficios.

To paint, | pintar. | To silver over, | platear.
To engrave, | grabar. | To inlay, | ataracear.
To draw a sketch, | delinear. | To print, | imprimir.
To embroider, | bordar. | To bind a book, | encuadernar.
To enamel, | esmaltar. | To labor, | trabajar.
To gild, | dorar. | |

For the Army.—Para el ejército.

To raise | levantar | To besiege, | sitiar.
soldiers, | gente. | To storm, | asaltar.
To beat the | tocar el | To take by | tomar por
drum, | tambor. | storm, | asalto.
To sound the | tocar el | To spring a | volar una
trumpet, | clarin. | mine, | mina.
To march, | marchar. | To fire, | disparar, quemar.
To encamp, | acampar. | To capitulate, | capitular.
To lodge, | alojar. | To surrender, | rendirse.
To alight, | apearse del caballo. | To draw the | sacar la
To give battle, | dar batalla. | sword, | espada.
To gain the | ganar la | To kill, | matar.
victory, | victoria. | To give quarter, | dar cuartel.
To put in | poner en | To wound, | herir.
disorder, | desorden. | To open the | abrir la
To rout, | derrotar. | trenches, | trinchera.
To rob, | hurtar. | To sound the | tocar á la
To sack, | saquear. | retreat, | retirada.
To plunder, | pillar. | To pursue the | perseguir al
To block up, | bloquear. | enemy, | enemigo.

End of the Vocabulary.—Fin del Vocabulario.

PART III.
FAMILIAR DIALOGUES—DIALOGOS FAMILIARES.

DIALOGUE I.

DIALOGO I.

About saluting and inquiring | Acerca de saludar é informarse
after the health of a person. | de la salud de una persona.
Good morning, sir. | Buenos dias, tenga Usted.[19]
Good night, sir. | Buenas noches, tenga V.
Good afternoon, or | Buenas tardes, tenga V.
good evening. |
How do you do, sir? | ¿Como está, V.?
Well, not very well; so, so. | Bueno, no muy bueno; así, así.
Very well to serve you. | Muy bueno para servir á V.
At your service. | Al servicio de V.
I am obliged to you. | Viva V. muchos años.
I thank you. | Doy á V. las gracias.
How does your brother do? | ¿Como está su señor
| hermano de V.?
He is well. | Está bueno.
He will be glad to see you. | Se alegrará de ver á V.
I shall have no time to | No tengo tiempo de verle hoy.
see him to-day. |
Be pleased to sit down. | Siéntese V. un rato.
Give a chair to the gentleman. | Da una silla al señor.
There is no occasion. | No es necesario.
I must go to pay a visit in | Es menester que vaya á hacer
the neighborhood. | una visita en la vecindad.
You are in haste. | V. está de priesa.
I will be back presently. | Volveré luego.
Farewell, sir. | Adiós, señor.
I am glad to see you in | Me alegro de ver á V.
good health. | con salud.
I kiss your hands. | Beso á V. las manos.
I am your servant. | Servidor de V.
Your most humble servant. | Su humilde servidor de V.
Your servant, sir. | Servidora de V.

DIALOGUE II.

DIALOGO II.

To pay a visit in the morning. | Para hacer una visita por la mañana.
Where is your master? | ¿Adonde está tu amo?
Is he asleep still? | ¿Duerme aun?
No, sir, he is awake. | No, señor, está despierto.
Is he up? | ¿Está levantado?
No, sir, he is still abed. | No, señor, aun está en la cama.
What a shame it is to be abed | ¡Que vergüenza! estar en la
at this time of the day! | cama á esta hora.
I went to bed so late last night, I | Me acosté tan tarde anoche, que no
could not rise early this morning. | he podido levantarme temprano.
What did you after supper? | ¿Que hizo V. despues de cenar?
We danced, we sung, we | Bailamos, cantamos, reimos, jugamos.
laughed, we played. |
At what game? | ¿A que juego?
We played at piquet with Mr. N. | Jugámos, á los cientos con el Don N.
What did the rest do? | ¿Que hiciéron los otros?
They played at chess. | Jugaron el ajedrez.
How grieved am I, I did not know it! | ¡Siento muchisimo no haberlo sabido!
Who won? who lost? | ¿Quien ganó? ¿quien perdió?
I won ten pistoles. | Gané diez doblones.
Till what hour did you play? | ¡Hasta que hora jugaron VV.?
Till two in the morning. | Hasta las dos de la mañana.
At what o’clock did you go to bed? | ¿A que hora se acostó V.?
At three, half an hour after three. | A las tres, á las tres y media.
I don’t wonder at your rising so late. | No extraño que V. se levante tan tarde.
What o’clock is it? | ¿Que hora es?
What o’clock do you think it is? | ¿Que hora cree V. que sea?
Scarce eight, I believe, yet. | Creo que son apénas las ocho.
How, eight! it has struck ten. | ¡Como, las ocho! han dado las diez.
Then I must rise with all speed. | Es menester que me levante pronto.

DIALOGUE III.

DIALOGO III.

To dress one’s self. | Para vestirse.
Who is there? | ¿Quien es? or ¿quien está ahi?
What will you please to have, sir? | ¿Que manda V. señor?
Be quick, make a fire, and, dress me. | Presto, haz fuego, y ven á vestirme.
There is a fire, sir. | El fuego está encendido, señor.
Give me my shirt. | Dáme mi camisa.
It is not warm, it is quite cold. | No esta caliente, está fria.
If you please, I will warm it. | La calentaré si V. gusta.
No, no; bring me my silk stockings. | No, no; traeme mis medias de seda.
They are torn. | Tienen puntos.
Stitch them a little; mend them. | Remiéndalas un poco.
I have given them to the | Las he dado á la calcetera.
stocking-mender. |
You have done right. Where are | Has hecho bien. ¿Adonde
my slippers? | están mis chinelas?
Where is my nightgown? | ¿Adonde esta mi pata?
Comb my head. | Peíname.
Take another comb. | Toma otro peine.
Give me my handkerchief. | Dame mi pañuelo.
There is a clean one, sir. | Aqui está uno limpio, señor.
Give me that which is in my pocket. | Dame el que está en mi
| faltriquera.
I gave it to the washerwoman; | Le dí á la lavandera;
it was foul. | estaba sucio.
Has she brought my linen? | ¿Ha traido ella mi ropa?
Yes, sir; there wants nothing. | Si, señor, no falta nada.
What clothes will you wear | ¿Que vestido llevará V.
to-day, sir? | hoy señor?
Those I had yesterday. | El que llevé ayer.
The tailor will bring your suit | El sastre debe traer luego, su
of clothes presently. | vestido nuevo de V.
Somebody knocks; see who it is. | Alguno llama á la puerta;
| mira quien es.
Who is it? | ¿Quien es?
It is the tailor, sir. | Es el sastre, señor.
Let him come in. | Díle que entre.

DIALOGUE IV.

DIALOGO IV.

A gentleman and the tailor. | Un caballero y el sastre.
Do you bring me my suit of clothes? | ¿Me trae V. mi vestido?
Yes, sir; here it is. | Si, señor; aqui está.
You make me wait a great while. | V. me hace esperar largo tiempo.
I could not come sooner; it | No podía venir mas pronto;
was not finished. | no estaba acabado.
The lining was not sewed. | El forro no estaba cosido.
Will you be pleased to try | ¿Quiere V. probar la casaca?
the close coat on? |
Let us see whether it be well made. | Veámos si está bien hecha.
I believe it will please you. | Espero que le gustará á V.
It seems to me to be very long. | Me parece muy larga.
They wear them long now. | Se usan largas ahora.
Button me. | Abotóneme V.
It is too close. | Me aprieta demasiado.
To fit properly, it ought to be close. | Para que siente bien, es preciso
| que ajuste.
Are not the sleeves too wide? | ¿No son las mangas demasiado
| anchas?
No, sir; they fit very well. | No, señor; van muy bien.
This suit becomes you mighty well. | Este vestido le va muy bien á V.
It is too short, too long, too big, | Está demasiado corto, largo,
too little. | grande, chico.
Pardon me, it fits very well. | Perdone V., le va muy bien.
Have you made your bill? | ¿Ha hecho V. su cuenta?
No, sir; I had not time. | No, señor; no he tenido tiempo.
Bring it to-morrow; I will pay you. | Traígala V. mañana, y le pagaré.

DIALOGUE V.

DIALOGO V.

To breakfast. | Para almorzar.
Bring us something for breakfast. | Traiganos V. alguna cosa, para
| almorzar.
Yes, sir; there are sausages and eggs. | Si, señor; ahi tiénen salchichas
| y huevos.
Do you choose ham? | ¿Gustan VV. jamon?
Yes, bring it; we will cut a slice of it. | Si, traigale V.; cortarémos una tajada.
Lay the tablecloth. | Ponga V. los manteles.
Give us plates, knives, and forks. | Denos platos, cuchillos, y tenedores.
Give the gentleman a chair. | Dé una silla al señor.
Sit down, sir; sit by the fire. | Siéntese V. junto al fuego.
I am very well here; I am not cold. | Estoy bien aqui; no tengo frio.
Let us see if the wine is good. | Veámos si el vino es bueno.
Give me that bottle and a glass. | Deme V. esa botella y un vaso.
Taste that wine, pray. | Pruebe V. este vino, señor.
How do you like it? | ¿Como le halla V.?
What do you say to it? | ¿que leparece á V.?
It is not bad; it is very good. | No es malo; es muy bueno.
Here are the sausages; take away | Ahí están las salchichas; quite
this plate. | V. este plato.
Eat some sausages. | Coma V. unas salchichas.
I have eaten some; they are very good. | He comido algunas; son muy buenas.
Give me some drink. | Déme V. algo de beber.
Your health, sir. | Caballero á la salúd de V.
Sir, I thank you. | Doy á V. las gracias.
Give the gentleman something to drink. | Dá de beber al señor.
I drank but just now. | Acabo de beber.
The petty patties were very good. | Los pastelillos eran muy buenos.
They were baked a little too much. | Solo estaban demasiado cocidos.
You do not eat. | V. no come.
I have eaten so much, I shall not be able | He comido tanto, que no tendré
to eat my dinner. | ganas á medio dia.
You only jest; you have eaten | V. se burla; V. no ha comido
nothing at all. | casi nada.
I have eaten very heartily black pudding, | He comido de buena gana las
sausages, and ham. | morcillas, las salchichas, y el jamon.

DIALOGUE VI.

DIALOGO VI.

To speak Spanish. | Para hablar Español.
How goes on your Spanish? | ¿Como vamos con el Español?
Are you much improved in it now? | ¿Ha hecho V. mucho progreso ahora?
Not much; I know scarcely any thing. | No mucho; no sé casi nada.
It is said, however, you speak it | Dicen, no obstante, que V. le habla
very well. | muy buen.
Would to God it were true! | ¡Ojalá fuéra verdad!
Those that say so are much mistaken. | Los que lo dicen se engañan mucho.
I assure you, I was told so. | Le aseguro á V. que me lo han dicho.
I can say a few words which | Puedo decir algunas palabras
I have learned by heart. | que he aprendido de memoria.
And it is as much as it is necessary | Y es cuanto basta para empezar
to begin to speak. | á hablar.
The beginning is not all; | El principio no es el todo;
you must make an end. | es preciso acabar.
Be always speaking, either well or ill. | Hable V. siempre, ó bien ó mal.
I am afraid of committing blunders. | Temo decir disparates.
Never fear; the Spanish language | No hay nada que temer; la
is not hard. | lengua España no es dificil.
I know it; and that it has abundance | Lo sé; y que tiene tambien abundancia
of graces. | de gracias.
Application is the only way | La aplicasion es el solo modo
of learning it. | de aprenderla.
How long have you been learning? | ¿Cuanto tiempo ha, que V. la
| está aprendiendo?
Scarcely two months. | A pénas dos meses.
Does not your master tell you, | ¿No dice su maestro de V. siempre
you must always speak Spanish? | que es menester hablar Español?
Yes, he often tells me so. | Si, señor, me lo dice á menudo.
Why don’t you talk, then? | ¿Porqué no habla V.?
Whom will you have me talk with? | ¿Con quien he de hablar?
With those that talk to you. | Con todos los que le hablen á V.
I would fain talk, but I dare not. | Quisiera hablar, pero no me atrevo.
You must not be afraid. | V. no debe tener miedo.
You must be bold. | Es menester ser atrevido.

DIALOGUE VII.

DIALOGO VII.

Of the weather. | Del tiempo.
What sort of weather is it? | ¿Que tiempo hace?
It is fine weather. | Hace buen tiempo.
It is bad weather. | Hace mal tiempo.
Is it cold? is it hot? | ¿Hace frio? ¿hace calor?
It is not cold; it is not hot. | No hace frio; no hace calor.
Does it rain? does it not rain? | ¿Llueve? ¿no llueve?
I do not think it does. | No lo creo.
The wind is changed. | Se mudó el viento.
We shall have rain. | Tendremos lluvia.
It will not rain to-day. | No lloverá hoy.
It rains; it pours. | Llueve; llueve á cántaros.
It snows. | Nieva.
It thunders. | Truena.
It hails. | Graniza.
It lightens. | Relampaguéa.
It is very hot. | Hace gran calor.
Has it frozen to-night? | ¿Ha helado á noche?
No, sir; but it freezes now. | No, señor; pero hiela ahora.
It appears to me to be a great fog. | Me parece que hace un tiempo
| nebuloso.
You are not mistaken; it is true. | V. tiene razon; es verdád.
You have caught a violent cold. | V. ha cogido un gran catárro,
| or una fluxion.
I have had it this fortnight. | Ya hace quince días que le
| (or la) tengo.
What o’clock is it? | ¿Que hora es?
It is early; it is not late. | Es temprano; no es tarde.
Is it breakfast-time? | ¿Es tiempo de desayunarse?
It will be dinner-time immediately. | Luego será tiempo de comer.
What shall we do after dinner? | ¿Que harémos despues de comer?
We will take a walk. | Irémos á pasear.
Let us take a turn now. | Vamos ahora.
We must not go abroad this weather. | No debemos salir con este tiempo.

DIALOGUE VIII.

DIALOGO VIII.

To write. | Para escribir.
Give me a sheet of paper, a pen, | Déme V. un pliego de papel, una pluma,
and a little ink. | y un poco de tinta.
Step into my closet; you will find on | Entre V. en mi gabinete, y hallará sobre
the table whatever you want. | la mesa, recado de escribir.
There are no pens. | No hay plumas.
They are in the standish. | Ahí están en el tintero.
They are good for nothing. | Nada valen.
There are some others. | Allí hay otras.
They are not made. | No estan tajadas.
Where is your penknife? | ¿Adonde está el cortaplumas de V.?
Can you make pens? | ¿Sabe V. tajar plumas?
I make them my own way. | Las tajo á mi modo.
This is not bad. | Esta no es mala.
While I finish this letter, | Miéntras acabo esta carta, hágame
do me the favor to make | V. el favor de hacer
a packet of the rest. | un pliego del resto.
What seal will you have me put to it? | ¿Que sello quiere V. que le ponga?
Seal it with my cipher, or | Selléle V. con mi cifra, ó
coat of arms. | con mis armas.
What wax shall I put to it? | ¿Que lacre le he deponér?
Put either red or wafer, no | Ponga V. encarnado, ú oblea,
matter which. | no importa.
Have you put the date? | ¿Ha puesto V. la fecha?
I believe I have; but I have | Créo que si; pero no he firmado.
not signed it. |
What day of the month is this? | ¿A cuantos estamos del mes?
The eighth, the tenth, the twentieth. | A ocho, á diez, á veinte.
Put the superscription. | Ponga V. el sobrescrito.
Where is the sand? | ¿Adonde está la arenilla?
You never have either powder or sand. | V. no tiene nunca arenilla.
There is some in the sandbox. | Hay alguna en la salvadera.
There is your servant; will you | Aqui está el criado; ¿quiere
let him carry the letters | V. que lleve estas cartas
to the post-house | al correo?
Carry my letters to the | Lleva las cartas del señor al
post-office; and don’t forget | correo, y no se te olvide
to pay the postage. | (pagar el porte) franquearlas.
I have no money. | No tengo dinero.
There is some; go quick, | Ahí le tienes; vete pronto,
make haste to come back. | y vuelve luego.

DIALOGUE IX.

DIALOGO IX.

To buy. | Para comprar.
What do you want, sir? | ¿Que manda V. señor?
What would you please to have? | ¿Que desea V.?
I want a good fine cloth, to make | Necesito paño bueno y hermoso,
me a suit of clothes. | para hacerme un vestido.
Be pleased to walk in, sir, you | Hágame V. el favor de entrar, verá
will see the finest I have. | V. el mejor que tengo.
Show me the best you have. | Enséñeme V. el mejor que tenga.
There is a very fine one, and | Ahí tiene V. uno muy fino, y
what is worn at present. | como se estila ahora.
It is a good cloth; but I don’t | Es bueno, pero el color
like the color. | no me gusta.
There is another lighter piece. | Aquí hay otra pieza de un
| color mas claro.
I like that color well; but the | Me gusta ese color; pero el
cloth is not strong, it is | paño es muy delgado, no
too thin. | tiene bastante cuerpo.
Look at this piece, sir; you will | Mire V. este paño, señor, no hallará
not find the like anywhere else. | otro semejante en ninguna parte.
What do you ask for it a yard? | ¿Cuanto pide V. por la vara?
Without exacting, it is worth | Sin pedir demasiado, vale
five dollars. | cinco pesos.
Sir, I am not used to stand | No estoy acostumbrádo a regatear;
haggling; pray tell me | suplico á V. que me diga
your lowest price. | el último precio.
I have told it you, sir; it is | He dicho á V. cuanto vale.
worth that. |
It is too dear; I will give | Es demasiado caro; le daré
you four dollars. | á V. solo cuatro pesos.
I cannot abate a farthing. | No puedo rebajar un cuarto.
You shall not have what you ask. | No daré á V. lo que pide.
You asked me the lowest price, | V. me preguntó el último precio,
and I have told it to you. | y se le he dicho.
Come, come, cut off two yards | Vamos, corte V. dos varas y media.
and a half of it. |
I protest, on the word of an | Aseguro á V. bajo palabra de
honest man, I do not get | hombre de bien, que no gano
two shillings by you. | dos reales con V.
There are three doubloons; | Aquí hay tres onzas déme
give me my change. | V. cambio.
Be pleased, sir, to give me | Hágame V. el favor de darme otra
another doubloon; this is | onza, á esta le falta peso.
too light, it wants weight. |
Here is another. | Aquí hay otra.
Farewell; sir, your servant. | Adiós; señor, servidor de V.

DIALOGUE X.

DIALOGO X.

To inquire after news. | De las noticias.
What news is there? | ¿Que se dice de nuevo?
Do you know any? | ¿Sabe V. alguna cosa?
I have heard none. | No he oido decir nada.
What is the talk of the town? | ¿Que se dice en la ciudad?
There is no talk of any thing. | No se habla de nada.
Have you heard no talk of war? | ¿No ha oido V. hablar de la guerra?
I heard nothing of it. | No se dice nada de ella.
A person told me this morning, that | Un sugeto me dijo esta mañana que el
Mr. S. is a bankrupt; have you | señor S. ha quebrado; ¿tiene
any connection with him? | V. correspondencia con él?
No, thank God. | No, señor, gracias á Dios.
So much the better. | Tanto mejor.
Indeed, you surprise me. | Verdaderamente V. me sorprehende.
My dear friend, there is no wonder | Querido amigo, no hay nada que
in all the bankruptcies now. | extrañar en todas las quiebras ahora.
Why so? | ¿Porqué?
Because the greatest part of | Porque la mayor parte de los
shopkeepers will appear | tenderos quiéren parecer
more than they really are. | mas de lo que son realmente.
What is the amount of his bankruptcy? | ¿A cuanto llega su quiebra?
Between twenty-five and thirty | Veinticinco ó treinta mil pesos.
thousand dollars. |
So much as that! you surprise me. | ¡Tanto! V. me sorprehende.
Four years ago he was but a | Cuatro años ha estába de
shopman at Mr. M’s. How has he | dependiente en la tienda
been able to be trusted so much? | del señor M. ¿Como ha
| podido tener tanto crédito?
I don’t know; he was worth | No sé, él era ríco cuando al
something when he first | principio abrió su tienda.
began to open his shop. |
I heard he had ten thousand dollars. | He oido, que tenia diez mil pesos.
Well; if he was worth ten thousand | Muy bien; si tenía diez mil pesos y
dollars, and reduced to be a | ahora esta insolvente, hay
bankrupt now, there must be | ciertamente mala conducta en él.
some misconduct in that. |
I suppose so; I have heard he has | Lo supongo; he oido que tiene casa
a country-house most handsomely | de campo muy soberbiamente adornada,
furnished, a horse-chaise, two | una calesa, dos ó tres criados,
or three servants, without | sin hablar de sus mozos de tienda:
speaking of his shopmen: all | con todas estas cosas se gasta la
that takes a great part of the | mayor parte de la ganancia, además
profit, besides frequent | de la comedia y de los convites.
entertainments and the play. |
If there was nothing but that, | Si no fuéra otra cosa que eso,
it would be but a trifle. | seria bagatela.
Do you call that a trifle? | ¿V. llama eso bagatela?
Yes, if he can afford it; but | Sí, si puede sostener semejantes
if cards are his greatest | gastos; mas si los naipes
occupation, and he loses in | son su mas grande ocupacion,
an instant the labor of his | y pierde en un instante el
men and his own, I do not | trabajo de sus mozos y su
wonder at his being a bankrupt. | ganancia, no hay que extrañar
| que sea insolvente.
I cannot comprehend how a man of | No puedo comprehender como un
sense can run headlong to the | hombre de juicio puede ser
ruin of others and his own. | tan inconsiderado que arruine
| á otros y á sí mismo.
I have heard he is overstocked | He oido que tiene abundancia
with every thing. | de toda suerte de géneros.
If he is overstocked, and does | Si tiene tantos géneros, y no
not pay for it, would it not | los paga, ¿No seria mejor
be better to send back what | volver lo que no puede
he cannot sell, than to make | vender, que hacer gala de
a show of what is not his own? | lo que no es suyo?
But you do not reflect, that | V. no considera, que la gente
people generally go where | va generalmente adonde
there is a greater choice. | hay mas en que escoger.
I grant it; however, there is | Lo concedo; pero hay un
a medium in every thing. | medio en todas las cosas.
Yes, when prudence dictates | Sí, cuando la prudencia es la
our actions; but when we | regla de nuestras acciones;
will appear what we are | mas cuando queremos parecer
not, others suffer for it. | lo que no somos, otros
| sufren por ello.
You are right. | V. tiene razon.
How soon will he present himself? | ¿Quando se ha de presentar?
The newspaper does not say. | La gazeta no lo dice.
It will be soon known. | Pronto lo sabrémos.
It is twenty-six years ago since | Hace veintiseis años desde
I opened my shop: we were not | que abrí mi tienda: mi
worth, my wife and I, three | mujer y yo no teniámos
thousand dollars: I have bred | tres mil pesos: hemos educádo
up twelve children, and lived | doce hijos, y vivido
comfortably, without having | dichosos, sin verme insolvente.
been a bankrupt. |
I can say almost the same; for my | Puedo casi decir lo mismo;
fortune was not so considerable | mi fortuna verdaderamente
by a great deal: yet by frugality | no era tan considerable:
I have overcome all the | pero con economía he vencido
difficulties of life. | las dificultades de la vida.
Were you married when first you | ¿Era V. casado quando abrió
began business? | su tienda?
No; I kept shop ten years | No; tenía tienda diez años
before I married, and was | ántes de casarme, y tuve
fortunate enough to find a | la dicha de hallar una mujer
wife after my own sentiments. | de mi modo de pensar.
We are both old, and have chosen | Somos ámbos ancianos, y hemos escogido
the best time for our business. | el mejor tiempo para nuestros negocios.
Truly, it is so; for, if you | Realmente, es así; porque, si V.
observe, now we pay dearer | observa, pagamos ahora mas caros
for every article, and not | los géneros, y no son tan buenos
so good as they were formerly. | como lo eran antiguamente.
It is true; but we sell them nearly | Es verdad; pero los vendemos casi
the half dearer than what they | la mitad mas caro de lo que
did sell ten years ago. | se vendian diez años hace.
I grant it; but we have not | Lo concedo; pero no tenemos
so much profit as we had. | tanta ganancia como teníamos.

DIALOGUE XI.

DIALOGO XI.

To inquire after any one. | Para informarse de alguno.
Who is that gentleman that | ¿Quien es ese caballero que
spoke to you a little while ago? | hablaba á V. algun tiempo ha?
He is a German. | Es un Aleman.
I took him for an Englishman. | Creí que era Ingles.
He comes from Saxony. | Viene de Sajonia.
He speaks French very well. | Habla Francés muy bien.
The Spaniards take him for a Spaniard, | Los Españoles le creen Español,
and the English for an Englishman. | y los Ingleses Ingles.
It is difficult to be conversant in so | Es dificil hablar tantas lenguas
many different languages. | diferentes.
He has been a long while in | Ha estado largo tiempo en
those countries. | esos paises.
Have you known him for any time? | ¿Hace mucho tiempo que V. le conoce?
About two years. | Cerca de dos años.
He has a noble air; he has a good mien. | Tiene buena presencia, y él aspecto noble.
He is a genteel person. | Es bien parecído.
He is neither too tall, nor too little. | No es demasiado alto, ni demasiado
| pequeño.
He is handsome; he is well shaped. | Es hermoso; es bien hecho.
He plays upon the piano, the guitar, | Toca el piano, la guitarra, y
and several other instruments. | otros muchos instrumentos.
I should be glad to know him. | Gustaría mucho de conocerle.
I will bring you acquainted with him. | Proporcionaré a usted su conocimiento.
Where does he live? | ¿Adonde vive?
He lives by the river side. | Vive á la orilla del rio.
When will you have us go and wait | ¿Cuando quiere V. que váyamos
on him? | á visitarle?
Whenever you please, for he is my | Cuando V. guste, porque es
intimate friend. | mi amigo íntimo.
It shall be when you are not engaged. | Será quando V. esté desocupado.
We will go to-morrow morning. | Irémos mañana por la mañana.
I shall be obliged to you. | Se lo agradeceré á V. mucho.

DIALOGUE XII.

DIALOGO XII.

For a journey. | De un viage.
How many leagues is it from this place | ¿Cuantas leguas hay de aquí á N.?
to N.? |
It is eight leagues. | Hay ocho leguas.
We shall not be able to get there to-day, | No podrémos llegar allá hoy,
it is too late. | es muy tarde.
It is not twelve o’clock; you | No han dado las doce, tiene
have time enough yet. | V. bastante tiempo.
Is the road good? | ¿Es un buen camino?
So so; there are woods and rivers | Así así; tiene V. bosques y rios
to pass. | que atravesar.
Is there any danger upon the highway? | ¿Hay peligro en el camino real?
There is no talk of it; it is a | No se dice nada de eso; es un
highway where you meet | camino en que se encuentra
people every moment. | gente á cada momento.
Do not they say there are robbers | ¿No se dice que hay ladrones
in the woods? | en los bosques?
There is nothing to be feared | No hay nada que temer de
either by day or night. | dia ni de noche.
Which way must one take? | ¿Que camino he de tomar?
When you come near the hill, you | Cuando esté V. cerca del cerro,
must take to the right hand. | tomará á mano derecha.
Is it not necessary to ascend the hill then? | ¿Hay necesidad de subir el cerro?
No, sir; there is no other hill | No, señor; no hay mas que
but a little declivity in the wood. | un declive insensible en
| el bosque.
Is the way difficult through the wood? | ¿Es el camino dificil en el bosque?
You cannot lose your way. | V. no puede extraviarse.
As soon as you are out of the wood, | Luego que V. esté fuera del
remember to keep to the | bosque, acuérdese de tomar
left hand. | á la izquierda.
Is there any good inn on the road? | ¿Hay alguna buena posada or
| venta (algun buen meson, M.)
| en el camino?
There is one. There is none. | Hay una. No hay ninguna.
There is one tolerably good. | Hay una pasadera. (Hay una tal cual.)
Can I find any horses there? | ¿Podré hallar caballos en ella?
It is likely. But you would do better to | Puede ser. Pero V. haria mejor en
secure one here, beforehand. | asegurar uno aquí de antemano.
Pray, how much would it cost? | ¿Dígame V. cuanto me costaría?
It would cost at the rate of ... a league. | Costaría á razon de ... por legua.
I thank you, sir, and am much obliged | Muchas gracias: lo agradezco
to you. | mucho.
Come, come, gentlemen, let us take | Vamos, caballeros, á caballo.
horse. |
Where is Mr. N.? | ¿Adonde está el Sr. N.?
He is gone before. | Se ha ido adelante.
He will wait for you just out of town. | Esperará á VV. fuera de la ciudad.
What do we stay for now? Let us be gone. | ¿Que esperámos ahora? Vamos.
Farewell, gentlemen. | Adiós, señores.
I wish you a good journey. | Dios les dé á VV. buen viage.
Thank you. | Viva V. muchos años.

DIALOGUE XIII.

DIALOGO XIII.

Supper and lodgings. | La cena y el alojamento.
Let us alight, gentlemen. | Apeémonos, señores.
Take these gentlemen’s horses, | Toma los caballos de estos señores,
and take care of them. | y cuídalos bien.
Now, let us see what you will | Veamos ahora que nos dará
give us for supper. | V. de cenar.
Two chickens, half-a-dozen of | Un par de pollos, media docena
pigeons, a salad, six quails, | de pichónes, una ensalada,
and a dozen of larks. | seis codornices, y
| una docena de alondras.
Will you have nothing else? | ¿No quieren VV. otra cosa?
That is enough; but give us some | No, esto basta; pero dénos
good wine, and some dessert. | buen vino y postres.
Let me alone, I will please you, | Déjenme VV. les asegúro que
I warrant ye. | les daré gusto.
Light the gentlemen. | Alumbra á los señores.
Let us have our supper as soon | Dénos V. de cenar cuanto ántes.
as possible. |
Before you have pulled off your | Antes que se hayan quitado
boots, supper will be upon | VV. las botas, estará la cena
the table. | en la mesa.
Let our portmanteaus and pistols | Vengan nuestras maletas y
be carried up-stairs. | pistolas al cuarto.
Pull off my boots; and then you | Quítame las botas, y vé a
shall go and see whether they | ver si han dado heno
have given the horses any hay. | (paja, M.) á los caballos.
You shall conduct them to the | Llévalos al rio, y cuida que
river; and take care they | les de avena, (cebada, M.)
give them some oats. |
I will take care of everything; | Tendré cuenta con todo: descuide V.
don’t trouble yourself. |
Gentlemen, supper is ready; it is | Señores, la cena está pronta;
upon the table. | está en la mesa.
We will come presently. | Vamos luego.
Let us go to supper, gentlemen, | Vamos, señores, á cenar, para
that we may go to bed in | poder acostarnos temprano.
good time. |
Give us water to wash our hands. | Dénos agua para lavarnos.
Let us sit down at table, gentlemen. | Sentémonos á la mesa, señores.
Give us some drink. | Dénos de beber.
To your health, gentlemen. | A la salud de VV., señores.
Is the wine good? | ¿Es el vino bueno?
It is not bad. | No es malo.
The chickens are not done enough. | Los pollos no estan bastante asados.
Give us some oranges. | Dénos algunas naranjas.
Why don’t you eat of these pigeons? | ¿Porque no come V. pichónes?
I have eaten one pigeon and | Me he comído un pichón, y
three larks. | tres alondras.
Go, call for a chafingdish. | Vaya V. por un escalfadór.
Tell the landlord we want to | Dí al posadero que venga á
speak with him. | hablarnos.

DIALOGUE XIV.

DIALOGO XIV.

To reckon with the landlord. | Para ajustar cuentas con el mesonero.
Good evening, gentlemen. | Buenas noches, señores.
Are you satisfied with your supper? | ¿Les gusta á VV. la cena?
We are; but we must satisfy you too. | Si, señor; pero es menester pagar.
What is the reckoning? | ¿Cuanto hemos gastado?
The reckoning is not great. | El escote no sube á mucho.
See what you must have for us, | Vea V. cuanto le debémos, por nosotros,
our men, and our horses. | nuestros criados y caballos.
Reckon yourselves, and you will | Hagan VV. la cuenta, y hallaran
find it comes to ten crowns. | que todo importa diez pesos.
Methinks you ask too much. | Me parece que es demasiado.
On the contrary, I am very reasonable. | Al contrario, es muy barato.
How much do you make us pay | ¿Cuanto nos hace V. pagar
for the wine? | por el vino?
Four shillings a bottle. | Cuatro reales la botella.
Bring us another bottle, and | Traiganos otra botella, y mañana
to-morrow morning we will | por la mañana le pagaremos
pay you ten dollars with | diez pesos incluyendo
breakfast included. | el almuerzo.
Methinks the gentleman is not well. | Me paréce que este señor está malo.
I am very well, but I am weary | Estoy bueno, pero estoy molido
and fatigued. | y cansado.
You must take courage. | Es menester tomar ánimo.
It would be better for me to be in bed | Yo estaría mejor en la cama,
than at the table. | que en la mesa.
Get your bed warmed, | Mande V. calentar su cama,
and go to bed. | y váyase á acostar.
Good night, gentlemen. | Buenas noches, señores.
Do you want any thing? | ¿Le falta á V. algo?
I want nothing, but rest. | Nada quiero, sino descanso.
Let us be called to-morrow morning | Despiértenos V. mañana
very early. | muy temprano.
I will not fail. Gentlemen, good-night. | Lo haré sin falta. Señores, tengan VV.
| buenas noches.

DIALOGUE XV.

DIALOGO XV.

On sailing upon the water, | De un viaje por agua,
or on a voyage by sea. | ó por mar.
When shall we go on board? | ¿Cuando nos embarcarémos?
If we have favorable weather, | ¿Si tenemos viento favorable,
how long shall we be on our | cuanto durará nuestro viaje?
passage? |
How much must I pay for | ¿Cuanto he de pagar por
the passage? | el pasage?
How much must I pay for a | ¿Cuanto he de pagar por un
cabin for myself? | camarote para mí solo?
How much ought I to give for a | ¿Cuanto se paga por estar en
place in the large cabin, with | la cámara grande con los
the rest of the passengers? | demas pasageros?
How many passengers have you? | ¿Cuantos pasageros tiene V.?
Are there any ladies among | ¿Hay algunas señoras entre ellos?
the number? |
How many persons does your | ¿De cuantos hombres se compone
whole crew consist of? | la tripulacion de V.?
What kind of diet shall we have? | ¿Que nos darán de comer?
Some smoked and salt meat, | Carne ahumada y salada, pescado
and fish, potatoes, beans, | salado, patatas, frijoles,
cheese, and sea-bread. I | ó avichuelas, queso y
advise you, therefore, to | galleta. Aconsejo á V. por
take along some provisions | lo mismo que lleve consigo
for your private use. | algunas provisiones para
| su uso particular.
What sort of provisions shall I take? | ¿Que provisiones debo llevar?
Rice, vermicelli, ham, pickled | Arroz, fideos, jamones, ostras
oysters, portable soup, and | en escaleche, sopa, y otros
other eatables prepared for | comestibles preparados para
that purpose, sugar, honey, | el efecto, azúcar, miel
lemon syrup, prunes, fresh | de abejas, jarabe de limon,
lemons; and also beer, | ciruelas pasas, limones frescos;
wine, and such liquors as | y tambien vino, cerveza,
you may be in want of. | y aquellos licores que
| puedan necesitarse.
Do not forget to provide | No olvide V. llevar sábanas
yourself with sheets and | y demas ropa de cama; y asi
bedclothes, and likewise | mismo algunas medicinas.
with a few medicines. |
When shall we set sail? | ¿Cuando partirémos, or saldrémos?
To-day, if the wind is fair. | Hoy, si hace buen viento.
At what hour shall we set sail? | ¿A que hora nos harémos á la vela?
At ten o’clock, to profit by the | A las diez, para aprovecharnos
high water. | de la marea alta.
I shall be in readiness, you may | Estaré pronto, puedo V. estar
depend upon it. I will be back | seguro. Volveré en ménos
in less than half an hour. | de media hora.

DIALOGUE XVI.

DIALOGO XVI.

Conversation on board of | Conversacion á bordo de
a vessel. | un barco.
Is the wind fair? | ¿Es bueno el viento?
| ¿Tenemos buen viento?
I fear we shall have a storm. | Temo que tengamos un temporal.
The wind gets much higher. | El viento crece mucho.
| El viento se arrecia.
What a dreadful storm! | ¡Que terrible temporal!
| or  tempestad!
Do you think there is any danger? | ¿Piensa V. que hay peligro?
Don’t be afraid, there is no danger. | No tenga V. miedo, no hay peligro.
Does the wind continue to be so | ¿Continua el viento á ser tan
contrary, or so bad? | contrario, or tan malo?
It is likely it will continue | Es regular que continue lo
the same for three more hours. | mismo por tres horas mas.
No, it begins to abate a little. | No, empieza á caer un poca.
I am very sick. | Estoy muy malo.
What is the matter with you? | ¿Que tiene V.?
I feel very dizzy, great | Siento un grande desvanecimiento,
squeamishness in my stomach, | (se me anda la cabeza,)
my head and bones pain | tengo el estómago
me much, and I have a | revuelto, me duelen mucho
shivering all over me. | la cabeza y los huesos, y
| experimento escalofrío en
| todo el cuerpo.
This is the effect of the seasickness; | Todo eso es efecto del maréo;
you must not be under any | y no debe darle á V. ningun
apprehension on that account. | cuidado.
I advise you to take, two or | Aconsejo á V. que tome dos
three times a day, a little | ó tres veces al dia una
spoonful of sulphuric-ether | cucharadita de eter sulfúrico
in a small tumbler of water, | en un vasito de agua, y que se
and to rub your temples and | frote con él las sienes, y las
nose with it. It is | nariz. Se recomienda tambien á
recommended also to drink | los principios el beber agua
sea-water for the first few | del mar una ó dos veces al dia;
days, to keep on deck, and | el mantenerse sobre la cubierta,
to walk about as much as | y pasear cuanto se pueda. Algunos
possible. Some persons assert | aseguran que el atarse fuertemente
that a silk handkerchief, | un pañuelo de seda á raiz de las
tied tight round the waist | carnes, al rededor de la cintura,
next to the skin, is a great | es un gran preservativo.
preventive. |
I have the toothache. | Tengo dolor de muelas.
That happens frequently at sea. | Eso sucede frecuentemente en
You must mind not to expose | el mar. Es menester no
yourself to the damps of the | esponerse al relente,
morning and evening air. You | (la humedad de la mañana, ó
must frequently chew | de la noche;) mascar coclearia,
cochlearia or sage leaves. | ó salvia; lavarse la boca
Wash your mouth with | á menudo con aguardiente
camphorated brandy, and | alcanforado, en una palabra
finally, take great care | tener mucho cuidado de
of your teeth. | los dientes.

DIALOGUE XVII.

DIALOGO XVII.

On a journey which cannot | Sobre un viaje que no puede
be otherwise performed than | hacerse sino en litera,
in a litter, or on mules. | ó en mulas.
Is the road very bad? | ¿Es muy malo el camino?
Yes, sir, it is very narrow, rugged, | Si, señor, es muy angosto, escabroso,
and bordered with precipices. | á la orilla de precipicios.
How far is this place from ...? | ¿Cuanto dista este lugar de ...?
It is about eleven long leagues. | Dista como unas once leguas largas.
Shall we sleep on the road? | ¿Pasarémos la noche en el camino?
It is likely; but there is an | Es regular; pero V. hallará
inn at the foot of yonder | una venta al pié de aquel
mount. You will find in it | monte. En ella algunas
pretty good accommodations, | comodidades, y las mulas
with good stabling for the | una buena caballeriza.
mules. |
How many horses or mules | ¿Cuanto caballos ó mulas
must I take? | tengo que tomar?
Two, four, &c. | Dos, cuatro, &a.
How much are they paid by | ¿Cuanto se les paga (se les da)
the day? | por día?
You would travel more | V. viajaria mas comodamente
conveniently by going in | yendo en litera.
a litter. |
Will you do me the favor to | ¿Querrá V. hacerme el favor
look for a good litter, a | de buscarme una buena
good litter-driver, and good | litera y procurarme, un
mules for me? | buen literero, y mulas?
Very willingly. | De muy buena gana.
As you will perform part | Como V. hará mucha parte
of this journey on foot, I | del camino á pié, le aconsejo
advise you to get a pair of | que se provea de un
good, stout, and easy boots, | buen par de botas fuertes
and to take with you an | y cómodas, de su paragua,
umbrella and your greatcoat. | y de su sobretodo.
Do you know enough of the | ¿Sabe V. lo bastante de la
language of the country to | lengua del pais para hablar
speak with the drivers and | con los litereros, o con los
the servants? | criados, (mozos, M.)?
No; but one of the passengers | No; pero uno de los pasageros
speaks it well. | la habla bien.
That is not sufficient. You | Eso no basta. Es preciso que
must be able yourself to | V. mismo pueda mandar á
order the drivers to stop, | los litereros que paren, que
to drive on a good pace, to | caminen mas á priesa, que
proceed more gently, &c. | vayan con mas tiento, &a.
Well, I will learn a dozen of | Bien está; voy á aprender una
phrases for that purpose. | docena de frases con ese objeto.
That is all you stand in need of. | Eso es todo lo que se ha menester.
Would you be so kind as to | ¿Querria V. tener la bondad
prepare all things necessary | de preparar todas las cosas
for this voyage? | necesarias para mí viage?
With all my heart. | De muy buena gana.

DIALOGUE XVIII.

DIALOGO XVIII.

At the dinner table. | A la mesa or comiendo.
Call for dinner. | Pida V. la comida.
It is not ready yet. | Todavia no está pronta.
They have rung the bell. | Ya han tocado la campana.
Sit down, ladies and gentlemen. | Siéntense VV. señoras y señores.
Who says grace? | ¿Quien echa la bendicion?
Why do you make such ceremonies? | ¿Porqué hace V. tantas ceremonias?
Give us some bread. | Dénos V. pan.
Shall I cut you some of the | ¿Quiere V. que le dé de la corteza
upper or the under crust? | de encima ó de la de abajo?
As you please. | Como V. guste.
I thank you; I shall help myself. | Gracias; me serviré yo mismo.
What can I help you to? | ¿Que me permite V. que le sirva?
Will you take a little soup? | ¿Tomará V. un poco de sopa?
I thank you. I will trouble | Gracias. Tenga V. la bondad
you for a small piece of | de darme un pedacito de vaca,
beef, it looks very well. | que parece muy buena.
What part do you like best? | ¿Que parte le gusta á V. mas?
It is indifferent. Any that you please. | Me es indiferente. La que V. guste.
Do you like it well done or rare? | ¿Le gusta á V. bien cocida, o no?
Well done, if you please. | Bien cocida; si V. me hace favor.
Rather rare, if it is not too | Poco cocida, si no es muy
much trouble. | molesto para V.
I do not like it overdone. | No me gusta demasiadamente cocida.
Have I helped you to what you like? | ¿Le he servido á V. á se gusto?
I hope this piece is to your liking. | Espero que este pedazo sea
| del gusto de V.
It is very good, indeed. | Con verdad es bonísimo.
What do you take with your meat? | ¿Que toma V. con su carne?
Shall I help you to some vegetables? | ¿Gusta V. de que le sirva legumbres?
We have here potatoes, cabbage, | Aquí tenemos patatas, (papas,) coles
cauliflower, peas, turnips, | coliflor, guisantes, (chícharos,) nabos,
parsnips, beets, spinage, &c. | chirivías, remolacha, espinacas, &a.
I will thank you for some potatoes. | Sirvase V. darme patatas.
Change my plate. | Múde (llévese) V. este plato.
Bring a clean plate. | Traiga V. un plato limpio.
A knife and fork. | Un cuchillo y un tenedor.
A spoon and a tumbler. | Una cuchara y un vaso.
Help yourselves. | Sírvanse VV.
Take, without ceremony, what | Tomen VV. sin ceremonia, de
you like best. | lo que hay.
Will you take some roast beef? | ¿Tomará V. un poco de asado?
Do you like the fat, or the lean? | ¿Le gusta á V. el gordo, ó el magro?
I am not very fond of fat. | No me gusta mucho el gordo.
Give me some of the lean, if | Déme V. un poco de magro,
you please. | si V. me hace el favor.
Take this to Mr. or Mrs., &c. | Lleve V. este plato al caballero,
| or al Señor N.,
| or á la Señora N.
This is for the young lady. | Este es para la Señorita.
How do you like the roast beef? | ¿Como le gusta á V. el asado?
It is delicious—excellent. | Es delicioso—excelente.
I am very glad it is to your taste. | Me alegro mucho que esté del
| gusto de V.
You have no juice. | V. no tiene caldo, or salsa.
I have plenty, I thank you. | Tengo bastante, muchas gracias.
Have the goodness to pass | Tenga V. la bondad de pasarme
the saltcellar. | el salero.
Now I will send you some of | Ahora voy á enviarle á V.
this fowl. Which do you | una piececita de este pollo.
like best—a wing, a leg, or | ¿Que prefiere V., el alon,
the white meat? | la pierna, ó la pechuga?
I thank you. I would prefer | Gracias. Preferiria un bocadito
a small piece of salmon. | de salmon.
Pray, taste some of this pie. | Hágame V. favor de probar
| este pastel.
You drink nothing. | Parece que V. no bebe.
Permit me to pour you out | Permítame V. que le ofrezca
some Madeira. | una copita de Madera.
You have some wine beside you. | Ahí tiene V. vino á su lado.
Help yourself to what you like best. | Sírvase V. como guste.
I drink nothing but cool water. | Yo no bebo mas que agua fría.
What will you take of the dessert? | ¿Que tomará V. de los postres?
Here are pears, oranges, grapes, | Aquí tiene V. peras, naranjas, uvas,
&c., preserves, jellies. | &a., conservas, jaléas.
I thank you; I have eaten enough. | Gracias; he comido bastante.
Will you take some coffee? | ¿Tomará V. un poco de café?
With pleasure. | Con mucho gusto.

PART IV.
MODELS OF COMMERCIAL LETTERS, &c.
Modelos de Cartas de Comercio, &a.

First Letter.—Carta primera.

New York, March 15, 1849.

Mr. Anselmo Bravo,

Sir: Having established in this city a mercantile house under my own name, I beg leave to offer you my services, particularly as a commission merchant. (Or any other kind of business.)

A sufficient capital, a respectable credit, and the requisite knowledge of business, enable me to serve my friends in the most satisfactory manner; and I am happy to add that Mr. Cándido Delgado, of your city, merchant, has permitted me to refer to him for any information on the subject.

I have the honor to be, with the utmost respect,

Your most ob’t servant,
Eligio Fuente.

Sr. Don[20] Anselmo Bravo,

Nueva York, á 15 de
Marzo de 1849.

Muy Señor mio:[21] Habiendo establecido en esta ciudad una casa de comercio bajo mi propio nombre, suplico á V. me permita ofrecerle mis servicios, particularmente como comisionista. (U otra clase de negocios.)

Un caudal suficiente, un crédito respetable y el conocimiento necesario de los negocios, me ponen en estado de servir á mis amigos de la manera mas satisfactoria, teniendo el gusto de añadir que el Señor Don Cándido Delgado, de ese comercio me ha permitido referirme á su informe, siempre que se requiera alguno sobre el particular.

Tengo[22] el honor de ser de V. con el mayor respeto su muy atento seguro servidor,
q. b. s. m.
Eligio Fuente.

Second Letter.—Carta segunda.

Havana ... 1849.

Mr. A. B.,
Sir: Under the protection of our common friend ... I take the liberty to send, on my own account and risk and to your consignment, one hundred and fifty boxes white sugar, and twenty-two bags containing coffee of superior quality, which I have this day shipped on board the American ship Anastasia, A. Smith, captain, as per the inclosed invoice and bill of lading.

The ship is new, and her captain a very intelligent and experienced seaman, and he is to sail on the 9th instant precisely.

This information will be sufficient for the insurance of said articles, which I beg you to have made immediately, together with the addition of 25 per cent. for imaginary profits.

Should this first essay prove as successful as I wish, I will apply to you in all the business I may have in your place, and induce my friends to do the same.

Wishing you the greatest prosperity, I beg leave to offer you my services, and am

Very respectfully,
Sir,
Your most ob’t servant,
E. F.

Sr. Don A. B.

Habana, y .... de 1849.

Muy Señor mio. Bajo los auspicios de nuestro comun amigo .... me tomo la libertad de remitir de mi cuenta y riesgo, y á la consignacion de V. ciento y cincuenta cajas de azúcar blanco, y veintidos sacos de café de superior calidad, que he embarcado á bordo de la fragata Americana Anastasia, su capitan A. Smith como lo prueban la factura y conocimiento incluso.

El barco es nuevo, el capitan muy inteligente y experimentado, y deberá darse á la vela el 9 del corriente sin falta.

Estas noticias serán suficientes para proceder al seguro de dichos artículos, que suplico á V. se sirva hacer inmediatamente, con mas un 25 por ciento de ganancias imaginarias.

Si este primer ensayo tuviere el buen éxito que deseo continuaré valiéndome del favor de V. para cuanto me ocurra en esa, é induciré á mis amigos á que hagan lo mismo.

Deseando á V. la mayor prosperidad, me ofrezco á sus órdenes y soy con el mayor respeto,

S. S. S.
Q. B. S. M.
E. F.

An invoice of one hundred and fifty boxes white sugar, and twenty-two bags superior coffee, which I, the undersigned have shipped on my own account and risk, on board the American ship Anastasia, Captain A. Smith, bound to New York, consigned to Don A. B. of that city, merchant.

| | cwt. | qrs. | lbs. |
N. 1 to | N. 1. | 17 | 3 | 11 | $
150 | N. 2. | 16 | 2 | 17 | $
A. F. | &c. &c. | | | |

N. 1 to

N. 1.

4

3

9

$

22 | N. 2. | 4 | 3 | 21 | $
A. F. | &c. &c. | | | |
| | | | | $
Expenses | | $
E. E. | Total | $
Havana ... 1849. | $
| E. F. | |

Factura de ciento y cincuenta cajas de azucar blanco, y veintidos sacos de café superior, que yo, el infraescrito he embarcado de mi cuenta y riesgo, á bordo de la fragata Americana Anastasia, su capitan A. Smith, con destino á Nueva York, á la consignacion de Don A. B de aquel comercio.

| | qtls. | arrb. | lb. |
N. 1 á | N. 1. | 17 | 3 | 11 | $
150 | N. 2. | 16 | 2 | 17 | $
A. F. | &a. &a. | | | |

N. 1 á

N. 1.

4

3

9

$

22 | N. 2. | 4 | 3 | 21 | $
A. F. | &a. &a. | | | |
| | | | | $
Gastos | | $
S. Y. O. | Total | $
Havana ... 1849. | $
| E. F. | |

Third Letter.—Carta tercera.

New York ... 1849.

Mr. E. F.,
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you, that the Anastasia arrived safely at this port the day before yesterday, and that your sugar and coffee are already in my store. I hope soon to wait on you with their account-sale, and at prices which I have no doubt will be satisfactory: in the mean while I remain very respectfully,

Sir,
Your most affect’e serv’t,
A. B.

Sr. Dn. E. F.

Nueva York á ... 1849.

Muy Señor mio: Tengo el gusto de informar á V. que la Anastasia llegó felizmente á este puerto el dia ántes de ayer, y que el azúcar y café de V. estan ya en mi almacen. Espero pasar á V. dentro de poco su cuenta de venta, y a precios que no dudo merezcan su aprobacion: en el entretanto quedo á sus órdenes con el mayor respeto, y soy su muy afecto servidor,

Q. B. S. M.
A. B.

Fourth Letter.—Carta cuarta.

New York ... 1849.

Mr. E. F.,
Sir: I have just received a letter from Captain A. Smith, of the Anastasia, dated Savannah on the ... instant, informing me that he has been obliged to enter said port in distress, in order to repair the damages sustained by said vessel, in consequence of the severe gale experienced during her passage. He supposes the cargo to be damaged.

In order to secure your interests, I have made a protest in your name; which, together with all the necessary documents, I have presented to the underwriters, and in due time I will inform you of the results.

Very respectfully, &c.

Sr. Dn. E. F.,

Nueva York á ... 1849.

Muy Señor mio: Acabo de recibir una carta de Sr. A. Smith, capitan de la Anastasia, fecha el ... del corriente, en Savannah, en la que me informa haberse visto obligado á entrar de arribada en aquel puerto para reparar los daños causados á dicho barco por el recio temporal experimentado en su travesia. El supone que el cargamento está averiado.

A fin de poner en salvo los intereses de V. he hecho la correspondiente protesta en su nombre, la cual, con los demas documentos necesarios he presentado á los aseguradores, y á su tiempo informaré á V. del resultado.

Quedo de V., &a.

Letter of Recommendation.—Carta de recomendacion.

N.Y. ... 1849.

Mr. G. H.,
Sir: Permit me to introduce to your acquaintance my particular friend Mr. J. of this city, merchant. He visits your city on certain family business. Should he stand in need of any assistance, you will oblige me by affording it to him with your usual friendly attention.

(In the event of Mr. J. requiring some money, I beg you to supply him with any sum to the extent of two thousand dollars, taking his draft on me at ... days’ sight for the amount. At foot is his signature for your direction.)

I am, dear Sir,
Most affectionately yours,
L. M.

Sr. Don G. H.,

N.Y. ... de 1849.

Muy Señor mio: Permítame V. que le presente mi particular amigo, Don J. del comercio de esta ciudad, que pasa á esa á asuntos de familia. Si este Señor necesitare del auxilio de los conocimientos de V. le viviré muy reconocido si se sirviere prestársele con su acostumbrada bondad.

(En caso que dicho Sr. J haya menester algun dinero, suplico á V. se sirva franquearle hasta la cantidad de dos mil pesos, tomando su libranza á, mi cargo á ... dias vista por el importe. Al pié va su firma para direccion de V.)

Soy de V. mi estimado Señor, su muy afecto servidor,
q. b. s. m.
L. M.

A Draft.—Libranza.

Havana, Feb. 9, 1849.

For Dollars 567.

Thirty days after sight, you will please to pay, by this sole bill of exchange, to Mr. ... or order, the sum of five hundred, sixty-seven dollars, and place it to the account of (or to account as by advice from) your most obedient servant,

M. V.

To Mr. G. P., Merchant,
Philadelphia.

Habana á 9 de Feb. de 1849

Por Pesos 567.

A treinta dias vista, se ser vira V pagar por esta sola de cambio, á Don ... ó á su órden, la cantidad de quinientos, sesenta y siete pesos, que cargará V. en cuenta á (segun aviso de) este
s. s. s.
M. V.

A Don G. P. del comercio
de Filadelfia.

Endorsement.—Endoso.

Baltimore, Mar. 3, 1849.

Pay to the order of Mr. N. N.

O. S.

Baltimore y Marzo 3 de 1849.

Pagúese á la orden de Don N. N.

O. S.

A Receipt.—Recibo.

Received, New York, Mar. 19, 1849, from Mr. T. C. two hundred and twenty-five dollars in full of all claims and demands up to this date, (or on account.)

For $225.    H. L.

He recibido de Don T. C. dos cientos y veinticinco pesos por finiquito de todas cuentas hasta la fecha, (or á cuenta de mayor cantidad.) Nueva York á 19 de Marzo de 1849.

Son $225.    H. L.

A Note.—Esquela.

Mr. A.’s compliments to Mr. B. (Mr. and Mrs. B.) and requests the favor of his (their) company on Thursday evening the 21st instant, at 8 o’clock.

Jan. 10.
A. if Y. P.
(An answer if you please.)

Don A. C. (A. C.) b. l. m. al Sr. Don B. (saluda al Sr. y la Sra. B.) y le (les) suplica se sirva (sirvan) favorecerle con su compañia la noche del Juéves 21 del corriente á las ocho.

Enero 10.
S. V. C.
(Sírvase V. contestar.)

Mr. D. F. requests the pleasure of Mr. G.’s company on Wednesday evening, the 9th instant, at eight o’clock.

Wednesday, Feb. 2.

Don D. F. (el Sr. D. F. or D. F.) suplica al Sr. G. le haga el gusto de favorecerle con su compañia en la noche del Miércoles 9 del corriente á las ocho.

Miércoles, Febrero 2.

Mr. B.’s compliments to Mr. A. and is happy to accept his polite invitation for Thursday evening, the 21st inst.

Jan. 12.

El Sr. B. b. l. m. al Sr. A. y acepta con gusto su atento convite para el Juéves 21 del corriente.

Enero 12.

Mr. B.’s compliments to Mr. A. and regrets that a pre-engagement does not allow him to accept his polite invitation for the 21st inst.

Jan. 11.

El Sr. B. saluda al Sr. A. y siente no poder aceptar su atento convite por hallarse comprometida de antemano para la noche del 21.

Enero 11.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The Gerundio (gerund) never changes its termination for gender or number.

[2] The participle past coming immediately after any of the tenses of the verb haber, (to have,) does not admit of any change of gender or number. After other verbs, it changes its termination to agree with that of the person or thing it refers to.

[3] V. in the singular, must be read Usted; VV. means Ustedes, and must be pronounced so.

[4] V. in the singular, must be read Usted; VV. means Ustedes, and must be pronounced so.

[5] When the English imperfect tense, for instance, he united, may be expressed by he was uniting, or he used or was accustomed to unite, preserving the same sense, then it is to be translated by the imperfect tense in Spanish; thus—él unía. When that cannot be done, but it may be changed into did, then the preterit must be used—él unió. The same must be understood of all the verbs in the imperfect tense.

[6] V. in the singular, must be read Usted; VV. means Ustedes, and must be pronounced so.

[7] V. in the singular, must be read Usted; VV. means Ustedes, and must be pronounced so.

[8] V. in the singular, must be read Usted; VV. means Ustedes, and must be pronounced so.

[9] V. in the singular, must be read Usted; VV. means Ustedes, and must be pronounced so.

[10] When the English imperfect tense, for instance, he united, may be expressed by he was uniting, or he used or was accustomed to unite, preserving the same sense, then it is to be translated by the imperfect tense in Spanish; thus—él unía. When that cannot be done, but it may be changed into did, then the preterit must be used—él unió. The same must be understood of all the verbs in the imperfect tense.

[11] The imperative mood is set as it is found in Murray’s English Grammar, with the object that the student may learn how to translate it. When the emphasis is laid on the auxiliary let, it may be translated by the verbs permitir or dejar, in the second person singular or plural; or in the third person singular or plural, if Usted or Ustedes is used.

[12] The terminations of the second person singular or plural, when the verb is used negatively, are es, eis, as, ais, thus—offend thou not, no ofendas; unite ye not, no unais.

[13] The numbers within a parenthesis refer to the pages in Ollendorff’s Method which the scholar is advised to consult.

[14] E is used instead of y when the following word begins with i or hi, as,

Wise men and ignorant. | Sabios é ignorantes.

Mother and daughter. | Madre é hija.

[15] U is employed instead of ó, when the word immediately following it begins with o or ho; as,

Silver or gold. | Plata ú oro

[16] From dos, (two,) up to ciento, (hundred,) inclusively, the numbers are plural, and common to both genders; as—

Three men,  tres hombres.
Four women, cuatro mujeres.

[17] From doscientos to novecientos, inclusively, the termination os is changed into as for the feminine; as—

Three hundred miles. | Trescientas millas.

[18] Primero and tercero lose the o before a noun. Ex.—El primer tomo el tercer tomo.

[19] Usted and Ustedes, (you,) have always been written in abbreviation, thus—Vm., Vd., Vmd., for the singular, and Vms., Vds., Vmds., for the plural. At present V. for the former, and VV. for the latter, are used; and by either of them only, will those words be expressed in these dialogues.

[20] Don being a distinction of nobility, is omitted in the new republics; they address thus, Señor Anselmo Bravo. It will be better for foreigners to observe the style used by persons to whom the letters are addressed, and imitate it.

[21] Letters, particularly on business, generally begin with these words Muy Señor mio; which, according to circumstances, may be changed into Muy Señores mios, Muy Señor nuestro, Muy Señores nuestros. Persons mutually acquainted frequently begin their letters thus: Muy Señor mio, y amigo, or estimado amigo, or Muy Señor mio y de todo mi aprecio; My dear Sir, and friend, or esteemed friend, or valued friend.

[22] Letters are also ended thus: Dios guarde á V. (or la vida de V.) los ms. as. (muchos años) que desea S. S. S. (su seguro servidor) Q. B. S. M. (que besa sus manos.) Also, Soy de V. muy atento servidor Q. B. S. M. or Quedo de V. su muy afecto servidor, Q. B. S. M.

Transcriber Notes:

The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.

Uncertain or antiquated spellings or ancient words were not corrected.

Errors in punctuation and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected unless otherwise noted.

Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered.

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Table of Contents

AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO SPANISH CONVERSATION

PART I. A SYNOPSIS OF THE CASTILIAN LANGUAGE.

- THE LETTERS.

- DIVISION OF SYLLABLES.

- ACCENT.

- ARTICLES.

- NOUN

- NUMBER

- GENDER

- CASE.

- AUGMENTATIVE AND DIMINUTIVE NOUNS.

- ADJECTIVES.

- COMPARATIVE.

- SUPERLATIVE.

- PRONOUNS.

- PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

- POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS CONJUNCTIVE.

- POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ABSOLUTE.

- RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

- DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

- INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

- VERBS.

- SIMPLE TENSES.

- COMPOUND TENSES.

- INDICATIVE MOOD.

- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

- CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS.

- IDIOMATICAL TRANSLATION OF SOME TENSES.

- TABLE SHOWING HOW TO PLACE THE DIFFERENT PRONOUNS IN A SENTENCE, (69.)

- A VERB AFFIRMATIVELY, NEGATIVELY, AND INTERROGATIVELY CONJUGATED.

- PASSIVE VERBS. (175.)

- PRONOMINAL, OR REFLECTIVE VERBS.

- GERUND.—Gerundio.

- VERBS THAT ALTER THEIR RADICAL LETTERS.

- REMARKS ON THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

- PARTICIPLE.

- VERBS THAT HAVE TWO PARTICIPLES.

- ADVERBS.

- A FEW OF THE ADVERBS.

- SOME ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS.

- PREPOSITIONS.

- CONJUNCTIONS.

- INTERJECTIONS.

- SOME OF THE MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS.

PART II. A VOCABULARY OF WORDS NECESSARY TO BE KNOWN.

THE NUMBERS.—LOS NUMEROS.

- Cardinal Numbers.—Números Cardinales.

- Ordinal Numbers.—Números Ordinales.

TABLA DE LA MONEDA CORRIENTE EN ESPAÑA, Y LAS REPUBLICAS DE AMERICA.

Of Heaven and the Elements.—Del Cielo y de los Elementos.

Of the Weather and Seasons.—Del tiempo y de las estaciones.

The Days of the Week.— Los días de la semána.

- The Months.—Los meses.

The Holidays of the Year.—Dias de fiesta del año.

Ecclesiastical Dignities.—Dignidades ecclesiasticas.

Names of Things most usually Eaten.— Nombres de las cosas que se comen mas comunmente.

The Covering of the Table.— El aparato de la mesa.

- What is Eaten at Table, Boiled.— Loque se come en la mesa cocido.

- Other Dishes.—Otros platos.

- What is roasted.—Loque es asádo.

- To season Meat with.— Para sazonar la carne.

- For a Salad.—Para una ensalada.

For Fast Days.— Para los dias de ayuno.

For the Dessert.—Para los postres.

- Degrees of Kindred.—Grados de parentesco.

Of the Conditions of Man and Woman.— De los estados del hombre y de la muger.

Of what is Necessary for Dressing one’s self.— De lo que es menester para vestirse.

- With Clothes one must have.— Con los vestidos es menester tener.

For those that Ride on Horseback.— Para aquellos que andan á caballo.

For the Ladies.—Para las Señoras.

Of the Parts of the Human Body.— De las partes del cuerpo humano.

The Five Senses.— Los cinco sentidos.

- Of Ages.—De las edades.

Qualities of the Body.— Calidades del cuerpo.

Defects of the Human Body.— Defectos del cuerpo humano.

For Studying.—Para estudiar.

Instruments of Music.— Instrumentos de música.

Of the Parts of a House.— De las partes de una casa.

- The Furniture of a House.— Muebles de una casa.

What is found about the Chimney.— Lo que se halla cerca de la chimenea.

- What is found in the Kitchen.— Lo que se halla en la cocina.

- What we find in the Cellar.— Lo que hallamos en la bodega.

The Servants of a House.— Los criados de una casa.

What is found about the Door.— Lo que se halla cerca de la puerta.

- What is found in the Stable.— Lo que se halla en la caballeriza.

What is found in the Garden; Flowers, Trees &c. Lo que se halla en el jardín; flores, árboles, &a.

Temporal Dignities.—Dignidades temporales.

Officers of War.—Oficiales de guerra.

- Of the Army.—Del ejército.

Of the Fortifications.—De las fortificaciones.

Professions and Trades.— De las profesiones y oficios.

Qualities, Defects, and Imperfections of a Man.

Good Qualities of a Man, and the Diseases to which he is subject.

Of Birds.—De las aves.

- Amphibious Creatures.—Animales anfibios.

- Of Four-footed Animals.—De los cuadrúpedos.

- Of Reptiles and Insects.—De los réptiles é insectos.

- What is seen in the Country.—Lo que se ve en el campo.

- What we see in a City.—Lo que vémos en una ciudad.

Of Colors.—De los colores.

- Of Metals.—De los metales.

Commercial Terms.—Voces mercantiles.

A COLLECTION OF VERBS.—COLECCION DE VERBOS.

PART III. FAMILIAR DIALOGUES—DIALOGOS FAMILIARES.

PART IV. MODELS OF COMMERCIAL LETTERS, &c. Modelos de Cartas de Comercio, &a.

- First Letter.—Carta primera.

- Second Letter.—Carta segunda.

- Third Letter.—Carta tercera.

- Fourth Letter.—Carta cuarta.

- Letter of Recommendation.—Carta de recomendacion.

- A Draft.—Libranza.

- Endorsement.—Endoso.

- A Receipt.—Recibo.

- A Note.—Esquela.

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