The Project Gutenberg eBook of 詩品

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Title: 詩品

Author: active 502-519 Rong Zhong

Release date: May 13, 2008 [eBook #25460]

Language: Chinese

Credits: Produced by Shung Ru Wu

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 詩品 ***

Produced by Shung Ru Wu

《詩品》 梁 鍾嶸著 氣之動物，物之感人，故搖蕩性情，行諸舞詠。照燭三才，暉麗萬有，靈衹待之以 致饗，幽微藉之以昭告，動天地，感鬼神，莫近於詩。昔〈南風〉之詞，〈卿雲〉之頌 ，厥義敻矣。夏歌曰：「鬱陶乎予心。」楚謠曰：「名予曰正則。」雖詩體未全，然是 五言之濫觴也。逮漢李陵，始著五言之目矣。古詩眇邈，人世難詳，推其文體，固是炎 漢之製，非衰周之倡也。自王、揚、枚、馬之徒，詞賦競爽，而吟詠靡聞。從李都尉迄 班婕妤，將百年間，有婦人焉，一人而已。詩人之風，頓已缺喪。東京二百載中，惟有 班固〈詠史〉，質木無文。降及建安，曹公父子篤好斯文，平原兄弟鬱為文棟，劉楨、 王粲為其羽翼。次有攀龍托鳳，自致於屬車者，蓋將百計。彬彬之盛，大備於時矣。爾 後陵遲衰微，迄於有晉。太康中，三張、二陸、兩潘、一左，勃爾復興，踵武前王，風 流未沫，亦文章之中興也。永嘉時，貴黃、老，稍尚虛談。於時篇什，理過其辭，淡乎 寡味。爰及江表，微波尚傳，孫綽、許詢、桓、庾諸公詩，皆平典似《道德論》，建安 風力盡矣。先是郭景純用雋上之才，變創其體。劉越石仗清剛之氣，贊成厥美。然彼眾 我寡，未能動俗。逮義熙中，謝益壽斐然繼作。元嘉中，有謝靈運，才高詞盛，富豔難 蹤，固已含跨劉、郭，陵轢潘、左。故知陳思為建安之傑，公幹、仲宣為輔。陸機為太 康之英，安仁、景陽為輔。謝客為元嘉之雄，顏延年為輔。斯皆五言之冠冕，文詞之命 世也。夫四言，文約意廣，取效《風》、《騷》，便可多得。每苦文繁而意少，故世罕 習焉。五言居文詞之要，是眾作之有滋味者也，故云會於流俗。豈不以指事造形，窮情 寫物，最為詳切者耶？故詩有三義焉：一曰興，二曰比，三曰賦。文已盡而意有餘，興 也；因物喻志，比也；直書其事，寓言寫物，賦也。宏斯三義，酌而用之，幹之以風力 ，潤之以丹彩，使味之者無極，聞之者動心，是詩之至也。若專用比興，患在意深，意 深則詞躓。若但用賦體，患在意浮，意浮則文散，嬉成流移，文無止泊，有蕪漫之累矣 。若乃春風春鳥，秋月秋蟬，夏雲暑雨，冬月祁寒，斯四候之感諸詩者也。嘉會寄詩以 親，離群託詩以怨。至於楚臣去境，漢妾辭宮；或骨橫朔野，或魂逐飛蓬；或負戈外戍 ，殺氣雄邊；塞客衣單，孀閨淚盡；或士有解佩出朝，一去忘返；女有揚蛾入寵，再盼 傾國。凡斯種種，感蕩心靈，非陳詩何以展其義；非長歌何以騁其情？故曰：「《詩》 可以群，可以怨。」使窮賤易安，幽居靡悶，莫尚於詩矣。故詞人作者，罔不愛好。今 之士俗，斯風熾矣。纔能勝衣，甫就小學，必甘心而馳騖焉。於是庸音雜體，人各為容 。至使膏腴子弟，恥文不逮，終朝點綴，分夜呻吟。獨觀謂為警策，眾睹終淪平鈍。次 有輕薄之徒，笑曹、劉為古拙，謂鮑照羲皇上人，謝朓今古獨步。而師鮑照終不及「日 中市朝滿」，學謝朓劣得「黃鳥度青枝」。徒自棄於高明，無涉於文流矣。觀王公縉紳 之士，每博論之餘，何嘗不以詩為口實。隨其嗜欲，商搉不同，淄、澠並泛，朱紫相奪 ，喧議競起，準的無依。近彭城劉士章，俊賞之士，疾其淆亂，欲為當世詩品，口陳標 榜。其文未遂感而作焉。昔九品論人，《七略》裁士，校以貴實，誠多未值。至若詩之 為技，較爾可知。以類推之，殆均博弈。方今皇帝，資生知之上才，體沈鬱之幽思，文 麗日月，賞究天人。昔在貴游，已為稱首。況八紘既奄風靡雲蒸，抱玉者聯肩，握珠者 踵武。以瞰漢、魏而不顧，吞晉、宋於胸中。諒非農歌轅議，敢致流別。嶸之今錄，庶 周旋於閭里，均之於談笑耳。

一品之中，略以世代為先後，不以優劣為詮次。又其人既往，其文克定。今所寓言 ，不錄存者。夫屬詞比事，乃為通談。若乃經國文符，應資博古，撰德駁奏。宜窮往烈 。至乎吟詠情性，亦何貴於用事？「思君如流水」，既是即目。「高臺多悲風」，亦惟 所見。「清晨登隴首」，羌無故實。「明月照積雪」，詎出經史。觀古今勝語，多非補 假，皆由直尋。顏延、謝莊，尤為繁密，於時化之。故大明、泰始中，文章殆同書抄近 任昉、王元長等，詞不貴奇，競須新事，爾來作者，寖以成俗。遂乃句無虛語，語無虛 字，拘攣補衲，蠹文已甚。但自然英旨，罕值其人。詞既失高，則宜加事義。雖謝天才 ，且表學問，亦一理乎！陸機 〈文賦〉通而無貶；李充《翰林》，疏而不切；王微《 鴻寶》，密而無裁；顏延論文，精而難曉；摯虞《文志》詳而博贍，頗曰知言：觀斯數 家，皆就談文體，而不顯優劣。至於謝客集詩，逢詩輒取；張騭《文士》，逢文即書： 諸英志錄，並義在文，曾無品第。嶸今所錄，止乎五言。雖然，網羅今古，詞文殆集。 輕欲辨彰清濁，掎摭病利，凡百二十人。預此宗流者，便稱才子。至斯三品升降，差非 定制，方申變裁，請寄知者爾。

昔曹、劉殆文章之聖，陸、謝為體貳之才，銳精研思，千百年中，而不聞宮商之辨 ，四聲之論。或謂前達偶然不見，豈其然乎？嘗試言之，古曰詩頌，皆被之金竹，故非 調五音，無以諧會。若「置酒高堂上」、「明月照高樓」，為韻之首。故三祖之詞，文 或不工，而韻入歌唱，此重音韻之義也，與世之言宮商異矣。今既不被管絃，亦何取於 聲律邪？齊有王元長者，嘗謂余云：「宮商與二儀俱生，自古詞人不知之。唯顏憲子乃 云『律呂音調』，而其實大謬。唯見范曄、謝莊頗識之耳。嘗欲進〈知音論〉，未就。 」王元長創其首謝、沈約揚其波。三賢或貴公子孫，幼有文辯，於是士流景慕，務為精 密。襞積細微，專相凌架。故使文多拘忌，傷其真美。余謂文製本須諷讀，不可蹇礙， 但令清濁通流，口吻調利，斯為足矣。至平上去入，則余病未能；蜂腰、鶴膝，閭里已 具。陳思贈弟，仲宣〈七哀〉，公幹思友，阮籍〈詠懷〉，子卿「雙鳧」，叔夜「雙鸞 」，茂先寒夕，平叔衣單，安仁倦暑，景陽苦雨，靈運〈鄴中〉，士衡〈擬古〉，越石 感亂，景純詠仙，王微風月，謝客山泉，叔源離宴，鮑照戍邊，太沖〈詠史〉，顏延入 洛，陶公詠貧之製，惠連〈擣衣〉之作，斯皆五言之警策者也。所以謂篇章之珠澤，文 彩之鄧林。

《詩品．卷上》

古詩

其體源出於《國風》。陸機所擬十四首，文溫以麗，意悲而遠，驚心動魄，可謂幾 乎一字千金！其外「去者日以疏」四十五首，雖多哀怨，頗為總雜。舊疑是建安中曹﹑ 王所製。「客從遠方來」、「橘柚垂華實」，亦為驚絕矣！人代冥滅，而清音獨遠，悲 夫！

漢都尉李陵

其源出於《 楚辭 》。文多悽愴，怨者之流。陵，名家子，有殊才，生命不諧，聲 頹身喪。使陵不遭辛苦，其文亦何能至此！

漢婕妤班姬

其源出於李陵。〈團扇〉短章，詞旨清捷，怨深文綺，得匹婦之致。侏儒一節，可 以知其工矣！

魏陳思王植

其源出於《國風》。骨氣奇高，詞采華茂，情兼雅怨，體被文質，粲溢今古，卓爾 不群。嗟乎！陳思之於文章也，譬人倫之有周、孔，鱗羽之有龍鳳，音樂之有琴笙，女 工之有黼黻。俾爾懷鉛吮墨者，抱篇章而景慕，映餘暉以自燭。故孔氏之門如用詩，則 公幹升堂，思王入室，景陽、潘、陸，自可坐於廊廡之間矣。

魏文學劉楨

其源出於《古詩》。仗氣愛奇，動多振絕。真骨凌霜，高風跨俗。但氣過其文，雕 潤恨少。然自陳思已下，楨稱獨步。

魏侍中王粲

其源出於李陵。發愀愴之詞，文秀而質羸。在曹、劉間，別構一體。方陳思不足， 比魏文有餘。

晉步兵阮籍

其源出於《小雅》。無雕蟲之功。而〈詠懷〉之作，可以陶性靈，發幽思。言在耳 目之內，情寄八荒之表。洋洋乎會於《風》、《雅》，使人忘其鄙近，自致遠大，頗多 感慨之詞。厥旨淵放，歸趣難求。顏延年注解，怯言其志。

晉平原相陸機

其源出於陳思。才高詞贍，舉體華美。氣少於公幹，文劣於仲宣。尚規矩，不貴綺 錯，有傷直致之奇。然其咀嚼英華，厭飫膏澤，文章之淵泉也。張公歎其大才，信矣！

晉黃門郎潘岳

其源出於仲宣。《翰林》嘆其翩翩然如翔禽之有羽毛，衣服之有綃縠，猶淺於陸機 。謝混云：「潘詩爛若舒錦，無處不佳，陸文如披沙簡金，往往見寶。」嶸謂益壽輕華 ，故以潘為勝；《翰林》篤論，故歎陸為深。余常言陸才如海，潘才如江。

晉黃門郎張協

其源出於王粲。文體華淨，少病累。又巧構形似之言，雄於潘岳，靡於太仲。風流 調達，實曠代之高手。調采蔥菁，音韻鏗鏘，使人味之亹亹不倦。

晉記室左思

其源出於公幹。文典以怨，頗為精切，得諷諭之致。雖野於陸機，而深於潘岳。謝 康樂嘗言：「左太沖詩，潘安仁詩，古今難比。」

宋臨川太守謝靈運

其源出於陳思，雜有景陽之體。故尚巧似，而逸蕩過之，頗以繁蕪為累。嶸謂若人 興多才高，寓目輒書，內無乏思，外無遺物，其繁富宜哉！然名章迥句，處處間起；麗 典新聲，絡繹奔會。譬猶青松之拔灌木，白玉之映塵沙，未足貶其高潔也。初，錢塘杜 明師夜夢東南有人來入其館，是夕，即靈運生於會稽。旬日，而謝玄亡。其家以子孫難 得，送靈運於杜治養之。十五方還都，故名「客兒」。

《詩品．卷中》

漢上計秦嘉嘉妻徐淑

夫妻事既可傷，文亦悽怨。為五言者，不過數家，而婦人居二。徐淑敘別之作，亞 於〈團扇〉矣。

魏文帝

其源出於李陵，頗有仲宣之體。則所計百許篇，率皆鄙質如偶語。惟「西北有浮雲 」十餘首，殊美贍可玩，始見其工矣。不然，何以銓衡群彥，對揚厥弟者邪？

晉中散嵇康

頗似魏文。過為峻切，訐直露才，傷淵雅之致。然託喻清遠，良有鑒裁，亦未失高 流矣。

晉司空張華

其源出於王粲。其體華艷，興託不奇，巧用文字，務為妍冶。雖名高曩代，而疏亮 之士，猶恨其兒女情多，風雲氣少。謝康樂云：「張公雖復千篇，猶一體耳。」今置之 中品疑弱，處之下科恨少，在季、孟之間矣。

魏尚書何晏晉馮翊守孫楚 晉著作王讚 晉司徒掾張翰 晉中書令潘尼

平叔鴻鵠之篇，風規見矣。子荊零雨之外，正長朔風之後，雖有累札，良亦無聞。 季鷹黃華之唱，正叔綠之章，雖不具美，而文彩高麗，並得虯龍片甲，鳳凰一毛。事同 駁聖，宜居中品。

魏侍中應璩

祖襲魏文。善為古語，指事殷勤，雅意深篤，得詩人激刺之旨。至於「濟濟今日所 」，華靡可諷味焉。

晉清河守陸雲晉侍中石崇 晉襄城太守曹攄 晉朗陵公何劭

清河之方平原，殆如陳思之匹白馬。於其哲昆，故稱二陸。季倫、顏遠，並有英篇 。篤而論之，朗陵為最。

晉太尉劉琨晉中郎盧諶

其源出於王粲。善為悽戾之詞，自有清拔之氣。琨既體良才，又罹厄運，故善敘喪 亂，多感恨之詞。中郎仰之，微不逮者矣。

晉弘農太守郭璞

憲章潘岳，文體相輝，彪炳可玩。始變永嘉平淡之體，故稱中興第一。《翰林》以 為詩首。但〈遊仙〉之作，詞多慷慨，乖遠玄宗。而云：「柰何虎豹姿。」又云：「戢 翼棲榛梗。」乃是坎壈詠懷，非列仙之趣也。

晉吏部郎袁宏

彥伯〈詠史〉，雖文體未遒，而鮮明緊健，去凡俗遠矣。

晉處士郭泰機晉常侍顧愷之 宋謝世基 宋參軍顧邁 宋參軍戴凱

泰機寒女之製，孤怨宜恨。長康能以二韻答四首之美。世基橫海，顧邁鴻飛。戴凱 人實貧羸，而才章富健。觀此五子，文雖不多，氣調警拔，吾許其進，則鮑照、江淹未 足逮止。越居中品，僉曰宜哉。

宋徵士陶潛

其源出於應璩，又協左思風力。文體省淨，殆無長語。篤意真古，辭興婉愜。每觀 其文，想其人德。世歎其質直。至如「懽言醉春酒」、「日暮天無雲」，風華清靡，豈 直為田家語邪？古今隱逸詩人之宗也。

宋光祿大夫顏延之

其源出於陸機。尚巧似。體裁綺密，情喻淵深，動無虛散，一句一字，皆致意焉。 又喜用古事，彌見拘束，雖乖秀逸，是經綸文雅才。雅才減若人，則蹈於困躓矣。湯惠 休曰：「 謝詩如芙蓉出水，顏如錯彩鏤金。」顏終身病之。

宋豫章太守謝瞻宋僕射謝混 宋太尉袁淑 宋徵君王微 宋征虜將軍王僧達

其源出於張華。才力苦弱，故務其清淺，殊得風流媚趣。課其實錄，則豫章僕射， 宜分庭抗禮。徵君、太尉，可託乘後車。征虜卓卓，殆欲度驊騮前。

宋法曹參軍謝惠連

小謝才思富捷，恨其蘭玉夙凋，故長轡未騁。〈秋懷〉、〈擣衣〉之作，雖復靈運 銳思，亦何以加焉。又工為綺麗歌謠，風人第一。《謝氏家錄》云：「康樂每對惠連， 輒得佳語。後在永嘉西堂，思詩竟日不就。寤寐間忽見惠連，即成『池塘生春草』。故 嘗云：『此語有神助，非吾語也。』」

宋參軍鮑照

其源出於二張，善製形狀寫物之詞，得景陽之諔詭，含茂先之靡嫚。骨節強於謝混 ，驅邁疾於顏延。總四家而擅美，跨兩代而孤出。嗟其才秀人微，故取湮當代。然貴尚 巧似，不避危仄，頗傷清雅之調。故言險俗者，多以附照。

齊吏部謝朓

其源出於謝混，微傷細密，頗在不倫。一章之中，自有玉石，然奇章秀句，往往警 遒，足使叔源失步，明遠變色。善自發詩端，而末篇多躓，此意銳而才弱也，至為後進 士子之所嗟慕。朓極與余論詩，感激頓挫過其文。

齊光祿江淹

文通詩體總雜，善於摹擬，筋力於王微，成就於謝朓。初，淹罷宣城郡，遂宿冶亭 ，夢一美丈夫，自稱郭璞，謂淹曰：「我有筆在卿處多年矣，可以見還。」淹探懷中， 得五色筆以授之。爾後為詩，不復成語，故世傳江淹才盡。

梁衛將軍范雲梁中書郎邱遲

范詩清便宛轉，如流風迴雪。邱詩點綴映媚，似落花依草。故當淺於江淹，而秀於 任昉。

梁太常任昉

彥昇少年為詩不工，故世稱沈詩任筆，昉深恨之。晚節愛好既篤，文亦遒變。善銓 事理，拓體淵雅，得國士之風，故擢居中品。但昉既博物，動輒用事，所以詩不得奇。 少年士子，效其如此，弊矣。

梁左光祿沈約

觀休文眾製，五言最優。詳其文體，察其餘論，固知憲章鮑明遠也。所以不閑於經 綸，而長於清怨。永明相王愛文，王元長等皆宗附之。約於時謝朓未遒，江淹才盡，范 雲名級故微，故約稱獨步。雖文不至其工麗，亦一時之選也。見重閭里，誦詠成音。嶸 謂約所著既多，今翦除淫雜，收其精要，允為中品之第矣。故當詞密於范，意淺於江也 。

《詩品．卷下》

漢令史班固漢孝廉酈炎 漢上計趙壹

孟堅才流，而老於掌故。觀其〈詠史〉，有感歎之詞。文勝託詠靈芝，懷寄不淺。 元叔散憤蘭蕙，指斥囊錢。苦言切句，良亦勤矣。斯人也，而有斯困，悲夫！

魏武帝魏明帝

曹公古直，甚有悲涼之句。叡不如丕，亦稱三祖。

魏白馬王彪魏文學徐幹

白馬與陳思答贈，偉長與公幹往復，雖曰「以莛叩鐘」，亦能閑雅矣。

魏倉曹屬阮瑀晉頓邱太守歐陽建 晉文學應璩 晉中書令嵇含 晉河南太守阮侃 晉侍中　　　　嵇紹晉黃門棗據

元瑜、堅石七君詩，並平典，不失古體。大檢似，而二嵇微優矣。

晉中書張載晉司隸傅玄 晉太僕傅咸 晉侍中繆襲 晉散騎常侍夏侯湛

孟陽詩，乃遠慚厥弟，而近超兩傅。長、虞父子，繁富可嘉。孝沖雖曰後進，見重 安仁。 熙伯〈挽歌〉，唯以造哀爾。

晉驃騎王濟晉征南將軍杜預 晉廷尉孫綽 晉徵士許詢

永嘉以來，清虛在俗。王武子輩詩，貴道家之言。爰洎江表，玄風尚備。真長、仲 祖、桓、庾諸公猶相襲。世稱孫、許，彌善恬淡之詞。

晉徵士戴逵晉東陽太守殷仲文

安道詩雖嫩弱，有清上之句，裁長補短，袁彥伯之亞乎？逵子顒，亦有一時之譽。 晉、宋之際，殆無詩乎！義熙中，以謝益壽、殷仲文為華綺之冠，殷不競矣。

宋尚書令傅亮

季友文，余常忽而不察。今沈特進撰詩，載其數首，亦復平美。

宋記室何長瑜羊曜璠 宋詹事范曄

才難，信矣！以康樂與羊、何若此，而□令辭，殆不足奇。乃不稱其才，亦為鮮舉 矣。

宋孝武帝宋南平王鑠 宋建平王宏

孝武詩，雕文織綵，過為精密，為二藩希慕，見稱輕巧矣。

宋光祿謝莊

希逸詩，氣候清雅，不逮於范、袁。然興屬閒長，良無鄙促也。

宋御史蘇寶生宋中書令史陵修之 宋典祠令任曇緒 宋越騎戴興

蘇、陵、任、戴，並著篇章，亦為搢紳之所嗟詠。人非文才是愈，甚可嘉焉。

宋監典事區惠恭

惠恭本胡人，為顏師伯幹。顏為詩筆，輒偷定之。後造〈獨樂賦〉，語侵給主，被 斥。及大將軍修北第，差充作長。時謝惠連兼記室參軍，惠恭時往共安陵嘲調。末作〈 雙枕詩〉以示謝。謝曰：「君誠能，恐人未重。且可以為謝法曹造。」遺大將軍。見之 賞歎，以錦二端賜謝。謝辭曰：「此詩，公作長所製，請以錦賜之。」

齊惠休上人齊道猷上人 齊釋寶月

惠休淫靡，情過其才。世遂匹之鮑照，恐商、周矣。羊曜璠云：「是顏公忌照之文 ，故立休、鮑之論。」庾、帛二胡，亦有清句。〈行路難〉是東陽柴廓所造。寶月嘗憩 其家，會廓亡，因竊而有之。廓子賚手本出都，欲訟此事，乃厚賂止之。

齊高帝齊征北將軍張永 齊太尉王文憲

齊高帝詩，詞藻意深，無所云少。張景雲雖謝文體，頗有古意。至如王師文憲，既 經國圖遠，或忽是雕蟲。

齊黃門謝超宗齊潯陽太守丘靈鞠 齊給事中郎劉祥 齊司徒長史檀超 齊正員郎鍾 憲 齊諸暨令顏則齊秀才顧則心

檀﹑謝七君，並祖襲顏延，欣欣不倦，得士大夫之雅致乎！余從祖正員嘗云：「大 明、泰始中，鮑、休美文，殊已動俗，惟此諸人，傅顏﹑陸體。用固執不移，顏諸暨最 荷家聲。」

齊參軍毛伯成齊朝請吳邁遠 齊朝請許瑤之

伯成文不全佳，亦多惆悵。吳善於風人答贈。許長於短句詠物。湯休謂遠云：「我 詩可為汝詩父。」以訪謝光祿，云：「不然爾，湯可為庶兄。」

齊鮑令暉齊韓蘭英

令暉歌詩，往往斷絕清巧，擬古尤勝，唯百願淫矣。照嘗答孝武云：「臣妹才自亞 於左芬，臣才不及太沖爾。」蘭英綺密，甚有名篇。又善談笑，齊武謂韓云：「借使二 媛生於上葉，則玉階之賦，紈素之辭，未詎多也。」

齊司徒長史張融齊詹事孔稚珪

思光紆緩誕放，縱有乖文體，然亦捷疾豐饒，差不局促。德璋生於封谿，而文為雕 飾，青於藍矣。

齊寧朔將軍王融齊中庶子劉繪

元長、士章，並有盛才。詞美英淨，至於五言之作，幾乎尺有所短。譬應變將略， 非武侯所長，未足以貶臥龍。

齊僕射江祏

詩猗猗清潤，弟祀明靡可懷。

齊記室王巾齊綏遠太守卞彬 齊端溪令卞錄

王巾、二卞詩，並愛奇嶄絕。慕袁彥伯之風。雖不宏綽，而文體勦淨，去平美遠矣 。

齊諸暨令袁嘏

嘏詩平平耳，多自謂能。嘗語徐太尉云：「我詩有生氣，須人捉著。不爾，便飛去 。」

齊雍州刺史張欣泰梁中書郎范縝

欣泰、子真，並希古勝文，鄙薄俗製，賞心流亮，不失雅宗。

梁秀才陸厥

觀厥文緯，具識丈夫之情狀。自製未優，非言之失也。

梁常侍虞羲梁建陽令江洪

子陽詩奇句清拔，謝朓常嗟頌之。洪雖無多，亦能自迥出。

梁步兵鮑行卿梁晉陵令孫察

行卿少年，甚擅風謠之美。察最幽微，而感賞至到耳。

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